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脑创伤后儿茶酚胺递质对神经细胞损害的线粒体调控机制的实验研究

The Experimental Studies of Mechanisms of Regulation of Mitochondria on Catecholamines Damaging to Neuronal Cell Following Traumatic Brain Injury

【作者】 瞿文军

【导师】 徐如祥;

【作者基本信息】 第一军医大学 , 神经外科学, 2004, 博士

【摘要】 创伤性脑损伤后的脑组织损害是由于直接机械性损伤和继发性损害所引起。继发性脑损害是一系列细胞、分子事件作用的结果。当前,颅脑损伤的研究主要是围绕颅脑损伤后继发性损伤机制展开的。大量资料表明创伤性脑损伤可导致细胞的死亡,而在生理和绝大多数病理条件下,细胞死亡都呈现为凋亡的典型特征。目前我们已认识到脑创伤可引起大量的神经细胞凋亡,因此研究引起细胞凋亡的机制可能为脑创伤的救治提供新的前景。 近年的研究表明有多种脑内的生化物质涉及脑创伤后继发损害的病理过程。而作为内源性的儿茶酚胺类中枢性神经递质是神经递质中一个大类型,脑组织中儿茶酚胺递质的改变是反映颅内神经代谢的敏感指标。儿茶酚胺递质包括多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素,它们不但参与脑的正常神经生理生化功能,还与脑的继发性损害有密切关系。最近几年的研究表明,在中枢性退行性病变及颅脑损伤后的继发性损害中,儿茶酚胺类神经递质皆发生紊乱。我们的体外实验研究显示:过量的儿茶酚胺类神经递质对神经细胞具有细胞毒性作用,可直接引起细胞死亡,且具有时间和剂量效应。但在在体内是否如此仍未确定。 最近有研究表明,线粒体除了合成ATP外还有多种重要生理功能,包括产生超氧阴离子等活性氧,调节氧化还原电势和细胞的氧化还原信号转导,调控细胞凋亡和基因表达等,此外,还发现它在生物生长,发育,衰老,疾病,死亡等方面都有重要意义,近来研究细胞的生化途径时发现,在生理条件下线粒体生物能力学因素具有导致细胞死亡和细胞凋亡的能力。而已往研究创伤性脑损伤导致的神经细胞凋亡基本都集中于细胞核的形态与核的信号改变上,对线粒体在脑创伤后神经细胞凋亡中所起的作用很少涉及。 因此,本研究首先建立脑损伤模型,研究线粒体在脑创伤后儿茶酚胺类递质诱导神经细胞凋亡中的作用及机制。 第一部分脑创伤后儿茶酚胺类递质的变化及其对神经细胞的影响 目的: 明确脑创伤后儿茶酚胺类递质的变化规律及其对神经细胞的影响。 方法: 1、sD大鼠,用自由落体撞击法制作左顶叶脑挫裂伤模型,随机分为假手术组和损伤后lh、6h、24h、48h、72h及168h组。 2、Tunel法及Hochest3334荧光染色检测各组损伤侧皮质、海马的神经细胞死亡形式。 3、免疫荧光组织化学方法检测酪氨酸经化酶(TH)在各组损伤侧皮质、海马,脑干的表达,并定量分析。 4、2‘7‘一二氯氢化荧光乙酞乙酸盐荧光素标记活体脑片中神经细胞的活性氧物质的含量,并定量分析。 5、2‘7‘一二氯氢化荧光乙酞乙酸盐与碘化毗咤两种荧光素双标记活体脑片,观察活性氧物质对神经细胞的影响。 6、用SPSS10.0统计软件,非配对两样本均数比较的t检验或多样本均数比较的方差分析对实验数据进行统计学处理,p<0.05表示有显著性差异。 结果: 1、发现脑外伤组6h起有较多凋亡的阳性细胞,并逐渐增多,24h后凋亡细胞无明显继续增加,假手术组仅见少量的阳性细胞。 2、脑创伤后的早期(lh),在损伤侧皮层、海马TH表达增加,6h时达到高峰,之后开始下降,72h时已有较明显的下降,而在脑干TH表达无明显的改变。免疫荧光染色后,利用共聚焦显微镜测荧光强度创伤组/假手术组比率半定量分析示:脑外伤后皮质一小时起TH升高,为假手术组的2.23倍(p(0.01),6h达到高峰,是假手术组的3.19倍(p(0.01),之后开始下降,至72h时是对照组及假手术组的1.35倍(p<0.05),168h时低于假手术组,为0.89倍。海马lh为对照组及假手术组的2.13倍(p<0.01),6h达到高峰,是假手术组的2二89倍(p<0 .01),之后开始下降,至72h时是假手术组的1.21倍(p<0.05),168h时低于假手术组,为0 .93倍。 3、脑损伤后2‘7‘一二氯氢化荧光乙酞乙酸盐标记,皮层与海马的荧光强度增强,皮层1h组为假手术组的3.13倍(p<。.01),24h达到高峰,是假手术组的4.87倍(p<0 .01),之后一直维持在这一水平,至72h时稍有下降,是假手术组的2.26倍(p<0.01)。海马的荧光强度较皮层稍低。比较TH变化与过氧化物水平的关系,发现:过氧化物与TH在6h内均随时间而增高,24h后TH明显降低,而过氧化物24h降低不明显。 4、荧光探针2‘7‘一二氯氢化荧光乙酞乙酸盐与PI双标记发现,在2‘7‘一二氯氢化荧光乙酸乙酸盐其荧光强度增强区域都有PI荧光着色。 结论: 脑创伤后急性期儿茶酚胺类递质过度分泌,并且递质可以经上行纤维的传导分布到皮层和海马,在创伤后缺血缺氧情况下儿茶酚胺递质可自氧化及被氧化酶分解。产生大量的活性氧物质,引起神经细胞凋亡,儿茶酚胺类递质过度分泌早于细胞出现凋亡形态。创伤急性期过后,由于负反馈作用,儿茶酚胺递质分泌受抑制,低于正常水平。 第二部分儿茶酚胺递质诱导神经细胞凋亡的线粒体调控机制 目的: 探讨线粒体在脑创伤后儿茶酚胺类递质诱导神经细胞凋亡中的作用及机制。 方法: 1、动物模型的制作及实验分组同实验第一部分。 2、梯度离心方法分离及提取游离的线粒体和细胞质。 3、

【Abstract】 The brain tissue damage resulted from both direet meehanical injury andseeondary brain imPairment.They were related and cooPerated in a series ofevents of eells and moleeules.The researeh of brain damage reeentlycmPhasis on evolution of secondary brain imPairment after trau们natie braininjury(TBI).Inereasing evidenees showed that TBI might induee eell death.However, under eircumstanee of normal Physiologieal and in manyPathologieal Proeesses,eell death emerged tyPieal eharaeteristies of apoPtosis.TBI indueing apoPtosis of a large number of neurons had been肋own.Therefore further studies on the meehhasms of neuron apoPtosis might giVea new insighton the treatnlent ofTBI. A series of studies Provided convineing evidence that PathologiealProeesses of secondary brain ilnPairment involved in a eascade ofbioehemieal ehanges of TBI.Serve as endogenous neurotransmitter in thenervous system,the ehanges Catecholamines(CAs)reflected a sensitivemarker of metabolism.CAs,sueh as DA,NE andE,Played an imPortant rolein normal neuroPhysiobiologieal Proeesses of eentral nervous system,as wellas involved in Pathologieal Proeesses of seeondary brain imPairment.Reeentstudies de们以onstrated that CAs was disturbed following seeondal,yilllPairment of neurodegenerative disorders and TBI.Our in vitro indicatedthat overdose CAs were toxieally to neurons and might induee aPoPtosis ofthem direetly,几吐hermore,there time eourse and dose一response·However,whether this sitL讯tione劝sted in vivo remained unelear. Reeent studies rePresented that mitoeholidria(Mt) eatried out manyimPortant fullction exeePt ATP synthesis:generating reaetive oxygen sPeeies(ROS),regulating oxidoreduction Potential alld eellular oxidoreduction signaltransduetion,as well as the apoPtosis of neurons and the exPression of genes.In addition,Mt also Played an lmPortant role in living thing,5 grov改h,develoPment,aging,disease and death.Reeent bioehemieal studies revealedanother asPeet of Mt funetion:indueing aPoPtosis and eell death by triggeringsPecifie bioehemical reaetion.The Previous researches on TBI indueingneuron apoPtosis focused on stUdying the morphologieal and signallingPathways ehanges of nueleus.There were relatiVely few rePorts on MtPlaying role in neuronal eell apoPtosis after TBI, Therefore,these studles iultially established damage model,andinvestigated the meehanisms and the exPanding role of Mt on CAs inducingneuronal eell apoPtosis after TBI.Part 1 Studies on the ehanges of CAs and its effeet involved in neuronaleells after TBIPurPose:To identify the eharaeteristies of the ehanges of CAs and its effeetsinvolved in neu『onal eellsMethods: 1 .Healthy male SPrague一Dawley(SD)rats were randomized into thesham一injury grouP andl,6,24,48, 72,168h grouP after traumatie injured.The eontUsion model on brain was made use ffee一falling body. 2 .The dead form of neuronal eells in injured eortex and hiPPocamPuswere deteeted using Tunel and Hoehest 33342 fluoreseenee staining. 3 .The exPression of TH in injured eortex,hiPPoeamPus and brain stemwere detected and semiquatitative measurelnents by fluoreseeneehistochemistry technique. 4 .The eontain of ROS of neuronal eells in living brain sliees werelabeled withZ’7’一diehlorodi勿drofluroresein diaeetate and semiquatitativemeasllre幻 nellts.l0 5 .ROS affecting neuronal eells were obs柳ed living brain slieesdouble一labeled withZ’7’一diehlorodihydrofluroresein diacetate andProgPidium iodide.Results: 1)APoPtotie eell emerged in injured eortex and hiPPoeamPus at lh,thenincreased gradually,reaehed the Peak at 24h.There、vere a few neuronal eellswith weak and dll’f1卫se brown TIJNEL Positive staining in sham一injury grouP. 2)At early Period(lh) after TBI,the Positive exPression of TH ininjured eortex and hiPPoeamPus signifieantly increased eomPared with thesham一injury grouP,and reaeh the Peak at 6h,then began to deereased,apParently deerea

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