【作者】 李亚光；

【导师】 陈恩林；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 中国古代史， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 “救荒史亦称荒政史，又可名为治荒政策史”，邓云特先生认为：荒政与救荒是同一概念，而要了解救荒这一概念首先要弄清什么是灾荒，“灾荒者，乃以人与社会关系之失调为基调，而引起人对于自然条件控制之失败所招致之物质生活上之损害与破坏也。”“救荒，即包括为防止或挽救因灾害而致社会物质生活破坏之一切活动也。”我们认为荒政包括救灾、防灾两方面的内容。周代荒政经历了西周、春秋、战国三个历史发展阶段，从而构成了先秦时代荒政的基本体系，这一体系包含荒政理论，荒政制度和荒政实践等基本内容。周代荒政是先秦史研究中的一个重要组成部分，也是一个缺乏系统研究的课题。通过对荒政在先秦各个时期演变轨迹的考察，可以帮助我们加深对周代社会形态及先秦社会经济结构形态与性质的认识，从一个侧面丰富先秦史的研究内容。周代荒政研究的主要任务是揭示先秦时期各历史阶段各阶段荒政的一般性和特殊性，揭示周代荒政的基本内容，阐述荒政在周代政治经济生活的特殊地位，寻求先秦荒政史的发展规律，给人们提供有益的启示，为先秦史研究工作做出一点微薄的努力。 从商代甲骨文中我们已经见到后世自然灾害的基本种类，了解到殷人心目中灾害发生的原因及灾害的救治。由此总结出在荒政产生之前，人们出于生存需要会与天灾作斗争如大禹治水，更多的情况是采取巫术救灾或避灾的办法如商代的祈雨巫术。西周时期是中国古代荒政形成的时期。“敬天保民”是周代荒政的理论基础、荒政是周代政事的重要部分。周代荒政的内容以救灾为主，涉<WP=158>及到国家政事的方方面面，体现了统治者对荒政的高度重视，而西周以人力救灾表明人们在与自然斗争的过程中能力有所提高。春秋时期是荒政得到大力推行的时期，其中以救灾为主。而在这一时期防灾思想和防灾措施也都已经出现。战国时期是荒政有了飞跃发展的时期。集中体现在防灾能力的大大提高，表明人类与自然灾害的斗争进入了一个新的发展阶段。周代荒政在中国荒政史上占有重要的地位其对后世荒政有着巨大的影响。荒政渊源于原始社会的军事民主制时期，从黄帝时代到有夏、有商，自然灾害及人为造成的饥荒的出现，使抗灾救荒成为人们生活中的重要内容之一，在当时的社会中起着十分重要的作用。西周是荒政的形成时期，在《周礼》中已经把“荒政十有二纪”作为“聚万民”的手段成为国家政事的重要部分。周代的救荒理论与荒政制度对后世的影响很大，《周礼》中的荒政制度奠定了后世荒政制度的基本格局。春秋战国时期，荒政有很大的发展，是中国古代荒政的蓝本。更多还原

【Abstract】 “the history of anti-calamity deal is also called the history of anti-calamity,or the history of anti-calamity policy history,”Mr.Deng Yunte considered that: anti-calamity and anti-calamity deal are the same concept.And if you want to grasp its spirit, firstly you must make clear that what is calamity. “Calamity.is material life damages resualting from that natural condition is out of the human`s control and basing on the malajustment between human and his society”.“Anti-calamity means all the activities in order to prevent or relieve the damages caused by the malajustment”. we considered that anti-calamity includes two contents ,that is to prevent and to relieve the damages of the calamity. In Zhou dynasty, anti-calamity had gone through three development stages: Xizhou dynasty ,spring and autumn period ,and the warring states period,than it formed the basic system of the anti-calamity in Pre-qin era.This system include the corresponding theory, decrees and practice. Anti-calamity in Zhou dynasty,is not only an important part in the research of xianqin history, but is a program that lacks of systematic research.Discussing the tracks of changes in every period could help us to deepen the thoughts and knowledges about society and economy structure ,even its form and nature.Thus on one side, we could widen the research scope and field The major task of the research is to reveal its corresponding generality and particularity in each historical stage in Xianqin era, to reveal the basic content of the anti-calamity ,to elaborate its special role it played in political and economy life,to explore its development`s historical law,in order to give people some hints,I would like to make much effort to do the research ,perhaps it will be beneficial to the study of Pre-qin history. The water-control leaded by DaYu inYaoSun Period is the origin of anti-calamity in Zhou dynasty.According to the inscriptions on bones in Shang dynasty,we can realize the basic kinds of the natural calamity in later generations,and the understanding about the reason of the calamity and the corresponding preventing measures people took in Shang dynasty.Through the study,we could conclude that before the appearance of anti-calamity,people made <WP=160>struggle with natural disasters and calamity out of survival needs,such as the water-control leaded by DaYu,but in most case,people did anti-calamity deal or try to avoid the disaster and calamity with witchcrafts,such as preying for rain in Shang dynasty. In Xizhou era, the theory of anti-calamity formed,which based on the thoughts that rulers respect and fear the nature and god,and they try to protect the people ruled by them. Anti-calamity was listed as the most important task in their government affairs. Anti-calamity in Zhou dynasty.was mainly to relieve the damage of the disasters and calamity,but it concerned with all the state affairs in all the aspects.All these showed that the ruler pay much more attention to anti-calamity.And doing anti-calamity deal in Zhou dynasty with manpower showed that the human`s ability is making great improvement in struggling with nature disasters and calamity . In spring and autumn period ,the theory of anti-calamity was carried out widely and vigorously,in which rulers mainly provide disaster and calamity relief In this period, the thought and measures taking to fight against natural calamities or disaters have also appeared. In warring states period, anti-calamity have made leap improvement. Centralizing ,it`s main embodiment is taking precautions against natural calamities ,which not only showed that human`s ability had made huge development but show that the struggle between human and natural calamity has entered a new development stage. Anti-calamity in Zhou dynasty not only had possessed an important position in chinese ancient anti-calamity history,but have huge influence on the following generations. The anti-calamity origin is from the military democratic period in primitive society.From Huangdi period to Xia dynasty ,to Shang dy更多还原