【作者】 杨国东；

【导师】 刘占声；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 地球探测与信息技术， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 作者在参加了导师刘占声教授主持的“吉林省国土资源遥感综合调查”等项科研工作，在实践中认识到地表水缺乏是本区的主要生态环境问题，地表水资源恢复建设和治理。为此，作者选定了“3S”技术和三维可视化方法研究地表水资源及其对生态环境的影响，作为本文的研究方向。本文将DEM、地形三维可视化、GIS和遥感用于地表水系的研究中，研究了地质构造运动与地表水系变迁的关系，论述了水资源与生态环境恶化的关系，提出吉林省西部恢复建设水系格局的基本建议。首先，考虑吉林西部区域面积（约8万平方公里）较大，采用常规二维空间手工方法研究地表水系有局限性，将遥感、地理信息系统和DEM等高新技术应用于本文的研究中，可以在区域上更有效地将多因子信息联合分析，本文对它们进行了详细的阐述。同时对他们的应用方法和理论加以描述分析，为后文进行信息提取和多要素联合空间分析打下基础。第二，为了从空间上对吉林西部地表水进行研究，本文详细论述地形三维可视化的理论和实现技术。通过对地形图矢量化建立本区1：25万比例尺的DEM，在研究了分别基于OpenGL和GIS实现三维地形的动态显示、查询和分析基础上，采用遥感图像作为地形表面的纹理图，成功地实现遥感三维图像。由于吉林西部属于平原区，地形地势平坦，主要区域的地面高差不到170米，在计算机上显示如此大的区域的三维地形，效果非常不明显，无法进行全区域的三维观察。本文尝试使用夸张高程比例法，即人为扩大整个区域地面点间高差的方法，得到了三维效果明显的吉林西部平原三维遥感可视图像，是一项很有实际意义的创新成果。第三，本文在GIS支持下，依据解译标志和相关资料，对美国陆地卫星所获得本区域TM影像的有关信息进行解译，得到了吉林西部地表水系、水体以及部分第二松花江、嫩江、霍林河、洮儿河汇入辽河的古河道，同时制作了相应专题图。第四，为了阐明吉林西部生态环境恶化是在地壳运动致使下，导致水系的变迁引起水资源的减少至短缺，它是生态环境恶化的根本原因，从而并为有效恢复建设吉林西部生态环境提供科学依据。本文通过ArcGIS将以上研究取得的该区地表水系分布图、DEM、<WP=127>政区图和遥感三维图像进行融合，通过遥感三维图像明显地揭示了该区分布着东西向弧顶朝南的丘岗状隆起地形，东起王府，向西经长岭县的查干花、三家子，经通榆转向北西西至向海湿地地区逐渐消失，东端丘岗状地形从王府至长龙段出现一分支，向南经巨宝山至杨大城子分布着南北向丘岗状隆起地形，其东侧为南北向平直边界，陡崖地形明显。上述长岭弧形丘岗状地形与杨大城子南北向丘岗状地形构成一个反“入”字形的隆起，经查证前人地质资料，该隆起区正是晚更新世以来东西向断褶式隆起弧形构造与南北向断块式掀斜构造复合交汇地区，其交汇部位即为王府地区，也是隆起最高地区，印证了由新构造运动形成的王府至长岭隆起带，这个隆起带就是松嫩水系与辽河水系的分水岭（简称松辽分水岭），同时也从该区域地形表现方面佐证了松辽分水岭形成的地学机理，这是本研究领域一个明显进步。第五，通过地表水系和水体分布、古河道分布、松辽分水岭分布以及80和90年代遥感图像进行的联合空间分析，可以看出，分水岭南北两侧分别为辽河水系和松嫩水系，地表水系发达，水资源较丰富，而分水岭所在的长岭、通榆、乾安、前郭境内广大区域里，几乎没有几条河流，只分布有少数由于古河道变迁而遗留下来的湖泊，地表水系严重缺乏。单就分水岭以北嫩江洮儿河以南所产生的汇水区域形成的大片水域，结合气象资料，由于长时间以来降水量少，地表水来源不足，加之地表水蒸发量远大于降水量，逐渐萎缩成众多的小湖泊，同时水源严重不足，湖泊的面积减少和河流出现断流。从古河道和现今水系分布展示，松嫩水系与辽河水系本来是相通的，结合地质研究成果证明，当松辽分水岭形成时，才将嫩江、松花江和辽河统一水系南北分开。由于分水岭的形成，使吉林西部原本属于同一个水系松嫩辽河被一分为二，出现了松辽平原现有辽河和松嫩两大水系的存在，由于松辽分水岭的主体位于吉林省西部区，使该地区水资源的减少和缺乏成为必然。新构造运动控制了分水岭两侧水系的发育，这里河流多次变迁，古河道交织成网，湖、泡星罗棋布，形成当今的水系格局。这是本研究的一个新进展。第六，吉林西部地表水系格局的形成过程，是地质构造运动的直接结果，从而导致了吉林省西部地区地表水系的变迁，并造成水资源的缺乏和短缺，使该区出现了三化（盐碱化、荒漠化和草场退化）等生态恶化的灾害。通过详细地研究首次提出并查明了吉林西部水资源逐渐走向减少演化发展趋势，是导致吉西地区生态环境恶化的地学机理。第七，本文研究在查明吉林西部生态环境恶化的根本原因时，也注意了人文活动对生态环境的影响。人口的增加，过度垦荒，过度放牧，过度樵柴，粗放耕作和不合理的水利工程等是造成吉林省西部生态环境恶化的重要人为因素。人类不合理的生产活动加速了吉林省西部水资源的恶化。气候和人为因素导致地表水资源加速恶化，成为这里涝灾和旱灾形成的自然条件。 <WP=128>由上面的研究，?更多还原

【Abstract】 After attending such scientific research works as “Land resource integrated survey of Jilin province RS based” presided by professor Liu, the author understands that the fundamental environment problem is lack of surface water here, which need to be researched, recovered and reconstructed. Therefore, surface water resource and its influence on the environment based on 3S and 3D Visualization is located as the research orientation in the thesis. The thesis has studied the relationship between the movement of geological conformation and the variance of surface water by DEM, 3D topographic visualization, GIS, RS techniques, discussed the relationship between water resource and environmental worsening, put forward to some fundamental suggestions about reconstructing west Jilin water system.Firstly, the relatively great area of west Jilin (about 80,000 km2) has been taken into consideration, there is limitation about applying conventional manual 2D means into research on surface water system, however, comprehensive multi factors analysis must be more effective method by applying such hi-techs as RS, GIS and DEM into the research works, all of which have been set forth in detail in the thesis, also, their theories and applying methods are described and analyzed, thus, setting the foundation for the succedent information extraction and comprehensive multi features special analysis. Secondly, in order to investigate west Jilin surface water spatially, the theory and means of 3D topographic visualization are dissertated detailedly. 1:250,000 DEM of research region is established by vectorizing the topographic maps. On the basis of 3D topography dynamic display, query, and analysis based on OpenGL and GIS, 3D remote sensed images here are <WP=130>constructed successfully, in which remote sensed images are used as texture map showing the earth’s surface. Since west Jilin belongs to plain region, where topography is plat, the difference of elevation less than 170m, it is not clear to display so great 3D topography in the computer, unable to observe 3D topography on the whole region. The method of exaggerating vertical scale, artificial expanding the difference of elevation, is attempted to apply into the research works, obtaining distinct 3D remote sensed images of west Jilin plain, which is an innovative production full of practical meaning.Thirdly, TM images (LandSat) of research region are interpreted according to interpretive symbols and correlative information on GIS platform, obtaining west Jilin surface water system, water body and old channel in which parts of Diersonghua river, Nenjiang river, Huolin river, and Taoer river empty into Liao river, also the corresponding thematic maps are produced.Fourthly, the fundamental cause worsening west Jilin environment lies in the fact that the earth’s crust movement results in the variance of the water system, further, making lack of water resource. In order to clarify this viewpoint and offer scientific gist for recovering the environment there, in this thesis, the distributing maps, DEM, district maps and 3D remote sensed images of this region are merged together with ArcGIS, in which a hillock upheaval distributing east and west direction is distinctly revealed, which originates from Wangfu east, passes Chaganhua and Sanjiazi (Changling county) westerly, turns to north-west-west via Tongyu, ends at Xianghai marsh, there is a branch located from Wangfu to Changlong, a hillock upheaval distribution southerly between Jubao Mountain and Yangdachengzi, whose south side is plat and straight boundary, showing a clear steep. All the hillock upheavals discussed above compose an anti-‘入’ shape. Since late Pleistocene epoch, this swell strip is just the intersecting region combined the swell curved structure of fracture and folding from east to west with dlock tilted structure from south to north by checking previous geologic information, whose intersection locates at Wangfu region, the highest region, verifying such a fact that new conformation movement forms the uphea更多还原