城市生活垃圾的减物质化研究

【作者】 张真；

【导师】 戴星翼；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 人口、资源与环境经济学， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 如何处置城市生活垃圾是我国现代化进程中必须面对的难题。城市生活垃圾的产出似乎与经济繁荣并存，正以惊人的数量逐日产生并经年积累。与之形成鲜明对照的是，现有末端处置能力严重不足，处置成本呈上升趋势。二者之间的矛盾使垃圾累积成为制约今后城市发展的首要障碍，意味着社会发展的不可持续性和社会福利水平的提高或维持的不可能。 本文从福利水平的提高与自然资源消耗的关系入手，分析导致城市生活垃圾快速增长的原因。笔者认为，造成城市生活垃圾快速生成和积累态势的根本原因不是相关处置技术过于落后结果。在社会经济系统中，生活垃圾源于种种自然资源，而自然资源的消耗主要是出于提高社会福利水平目的。如果社会主要是通过加大自然资源流量而获得既有福利水平的维持或追求其进一步提高的话，那么，具有过物质化倾向的社会经济运行模式的运行，其结果必定是产生大量垃圾。 社会经济系统中的过物质化倾向与自然资源观念的传统性不无关系。有关生产函数的研究表明，自然资源在生产中的作用没有得到应有的重视。这主要是由于在历史上，相对于人类需求，自然资源显得储量丰富。但是，在今后，自然资源的有限性和稀缺性将日益明显地制约产出水平的提高。这决定了福利水平的持续提高不可能源于自然资源流量的增加，而应当是自然资源使用效率的提高。这个过程也是垃圾减速产出的过程。 循环经济思想是解决城市垃圾问题的思路性进步，但是追求绝对的循环是不经济的。狭义理解的循环经济在发展中必将面临成本上升的压力。当前，循环经济在实践中的主要困难是缺乏足够的利益驱动。此外，循环经济应向其高级层面一生产领域的循环发展，而不应仅仅局限于初级层面一废旧物资回收。 基于以上分析，本文提出应当以减物质化原则作为社会经济发展战略的选择。减物质化原则的贯彻意味着消费观念和生产观念的转变，意味着生活方式的变革和产业重构。消费和生产的共同指向将不再是具体的物品，而是物品所承载的效用与服务。这样，社会经济系统不再通过加大自然资源流量来提高福利水平，垃圾的产出速度也因之而下降。 最后，本文就相关问题的对策进行了讨论。涉及的内容包括城市生活垃圾应急堆场的成本研究、城市再循环能力的提升与测算、向企业征收生活垃圾处置税费、新概念二手货市场和公众参与等。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the course of modernization how to deal with the household garbage in urban area (trash for short) is a hard problem that we have to face. It is seems that the trash goes with economic prosperity, produced in astonishing amount and accumulated from year to year. On the contrary, the urban areas are badly short on terminal disposal ability and the disposal cost is rising. This inconsistent phenomenon makes trash accumulation become a basic handicap to the development of a city in the coming future, which means that the social development is unsustainable and it is impossible to maintain or improve the level of social farewell.Beginning with the relationship between the improvement of social farewell and the expenditure of natural resources, this thesis analysis the reason why the urban trash is being produced so fast. The writer doesn’t think that the lack of advanced technology is the basic reason for trash’s growing and piling up. In social economic system, the trash comes from all kinds of natural resources and the expenditure of natural resources is for the purpose to improve the level of social farewell. If a economy gets its improvement or maintenance of social farewell mainly from increasing the flow of natural resources, the social economic model with intensive materialization is working and the result is a substantial number of trash.The tendency of intensive materialization in the social economic system has close relation with the traditional ideas of natural resources. From the achievement of production function research we can see that people doesn’t pay reasonable attention to the action of natural resources in production. This mainly because that in the history, compared with human being’s need, we are rich in natural resources. But from now on, it is the limits and lack of natural resources that restrict the improvement of production. This determines that he sustainable improvement of social farewell doesn’t come from the increase the flow of natural resources but comes from the improvement of productivity of natural resources. In the same course the growths of trash become lower and lower.The idea of circular economy makes great progress in the disposal of trash but circular economy in every aspect is uneconomic. In the development the circular economy in narrow sense will face great pressure of cost rising. Now the main problem of circular economy in practice is lack of enough benefit drive, and besides, the development of circular economy should towards higher class, that is in the area of production and should not be limited in the lower grade, that is waste collection.Based on the above analysis, this thesis brings forward that the principle of de-materialization should be selected as the strategy of social development. The implementation of the principle of dematerialization means the changing of the ideals of consumption and production, means the changing of living style and reconstruction of industries. The common target of consumption and production is not article but the utility and service carried by the article. So the social economy doesn’t get the improvement from increasing the flow of natural resources any longer. And the speed of trash production will go down .Finally, this thesis discusses countermeasures about the disposal of trash. The contents involve the cost research about emergency yards of urban trash, the improvement and calculation of urban recycling ability, levying a tax on enterprises about the disposal of trash, new concept of used material markets and public participation.更多还原