节点文献
中国农业可持续发展技术框架研究
Basic Frame of Chinese Sustainable Development Technique of Agriculture
【作者】 李中东;
【导师】 徐恩波;
【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 , 农业经济管理, 2002, 博士
【摘要】 农业的经济再生产过程是同农业的自然再生产过程交织在一起的。随着人类利用技术手段向自然索取能力的不断增强,技术的负效应日益显露出来。农业可持续发展技术的兴起是人类对农业技术发展不断反思、不断觉醒的产物,是实施农业可持续发展战略的内在要求,也是重新调整人类与自然关系的一种新的技术手段。但时至今日,系统地研究农业可持续发展技术的论著和成果还不多。本文全面、系统地研究了农业可持续发展技术产生的过程、形成的基础理论、技术体系的构建、技术应用的实践效果以及技术支撑体系等内容,同时就中国加入WTO后对农业可持续发展技术的影响及应对方略进行了分析探讨。力求在中国农业可持续发展技术框架的构建上有所推进和建树。 全文由七章组成。第一章导言,总揽全文,阐明了研究的目的与意义,较为全面、客观地综述了前人的研究成果,并对论文的研究思路、方法及创新之处进行了说明。 第二章从农业历史变迁的角度,对农业可持续发展技术的产生做了比较深入系统的研究。农业技术是随农业的产生而发展起来的,迄今为止,人类农业生产经营活动大体上划分为三个阶段,即原始农业、传统农业、现代常规农业。这样,农业技术的变迁也依此划分为原始农业技术、传统农业技术、现代常规农业技术。原始农业技术水平低下,对自然资源和环境的破坏很轻,人与自然的共存共生关系没有遭受破坏,人类利用自己低水平的劳动和自然力的巨大协调作用而生存下来,属于一种低层次的农业可持续发展技术阶段。随着农业人口和食物需求的增加,铁制农具的出现,农业技术快速的进入传统农业技术发展时期,农业技术对农业生产力作用显著增强,但技术对自然的破坏开始反映出来,即技术的二重性有了一定的反映,如借用铁质工具开垦湿地、丘陵山地、草原等扩大了土地面积,增加了粮食产量,但也带来了水土流失、生态环境的破坏,人与自然协调关系开始减弱,但这些负作用都在生态阈值范围之内。随着人类向自然索取食物的技术能力大大增强,从19世纪40年代以后,基本上迈入现代常规农业技术期,人类利用良种技术、机械技术、灌溉技术、化肥技术以及农药技术,使农业生产力水平显著提高,农作物产量大大增加,现代农业技术进步的贡献基本上满足了当代人对食物的要求,与此同时,现代农业技术的负效应更加明显:大量砍伐森林、大量毁草种粮、大量开垦山坡地,造成资源浪费、生态环境破坏、投入成本大幅上升、农业效益下降、农业生产后劲中国农业可持续发展技术框架研究严重不足,从而强化了人与自然之间的矛盾,其矛盾的严重程度在一定时期、一定地区范围内超出了自然的承受能力。这不仅严重影响农业发展,威胁人类生活环境和人体健康,还对后代人满足生存和发展需要的能力造成影响。一次又一次的教训使人类不得不对自己与自然的关系进行深入思考,反思、觉醒的结果促使农业可持续发展战略的产生,由此伴随着农业可持续发展技术的产生。 第三章是农业可持续发展技术的基础理论部分。农业可持续发展技术是指按农业可持续发展的要求,将农业发展、节约资源和保护环境协调统一起来,以满足当代人和后代人需求,并取得最佳的生态效益、经济效益、社会效益的技术系统。影响约束农业可持续发展技术的主要因素有农业投入要素、市场机制、制度因素及政策因素等。投入要素的约束,主要是指投入的自然资源、劳动力、资金能否满足技术发展水平的要求,发挥其作用及其潜能,主要影响技术发展的模式、方向;市场机制是通过供给与需求双向约束来实现,主要影响农业可持续发展技术的使用与推广,在这里尤其要注意的是市场失效对技术的影响是很重要的;制度不仅是农业可持续发展技术发展的外生变量,而且是技术进步的内生变量的约束,制度安排到什么程度,技术就发展什么程度;技术政策是阶段性影响技术发展的目标、方向及应选择什么技术,限制什么技术,淘汰什么技术。农业可持续发展技术的基本原理包括研发原理、选择原理、扩散原理和创新原理。①研发原理,主要解决农业可持续发展技术来源的问题,研发的核心是使农产品品质发生质的改变,生产出质量超群的农产品以及可节约资源、保护环境的新技术,选择的路径应是一种非均衡、动态式、中性型的技术路径;②选择原理,主要探索农业可持续发展技术的选择标准、方法。其中选择标准包括环境和产品安全标准、效率与效益标准、伦理标准、地理空间适应性标准、低成本标准。③扩散原理,主要研究用农业可持续发展技术武装农业,使农业生产技术逐步实现可持续化的过程。这一过程包括技术来源选择、技术在个体间的递增、技术在社区间的递减三个阶段;④创新原理,可持续发展技术创新是一种特殊的、高质次的生态技术经济行为。它不仅包括传统意义上的技术创新内容,还包括与经济、社会发展相适应的自然资源和环境保护方面的创新。技术创新的目的是有效实现技术供给创新和生产者技术需求质得提升的均衡,保证技术创新应建立在宏观的政府启动与微观的行为主体利益诱导相结合的基础上。 第
【Abstract】 For those factors that inference Chinese sustainable development technique of agriculture are the agriculture production process, the basic formulation theory, the construction of technical system, the effect of the practice and technical supporting system, all these factors are researched completely and systematically in this issue. At the same time, what is the effect of WTO on the technique of China sustainable development agriculture and how to deal with it are also analyzed. The main purpose of this issue is to do some contribution for formulation of technical frame of China sustainable development agriculture in order to make a reference for the following research.The sustainable development of agriculture technique is the inner need of practicing the strategy of sustainable development of agriculture. It is the product of the thought and realization of the relationship between human and nature, it is also a new method for human to adjust its relationship to the nature. Up to now, the development of agriculture technical is processed the steps of primitive, traditional and modern stages according to human agriculture production. The technique verity makes human introspect the effects, which they have been done for the nature, the result of the introspection produces the strategy of sustainable development of agriculture, and with the company of the sustainable development of agriculture technique.The factors that restrain the sustainable development technique of agriculture are investment, market mechanism, institution and policy. Four theories are regarded as the sustainable agricultural development technique; they are the theory of research, selection, dispersion and creation. The theory of research is for solving the theory of research original production problem for sustainable development technique of agriculture; the theory of selection is concerned the technical selection standard of sustainable development agriculture; the theory of dispersion is for the practice of technique; the theory of creation solves the problem of technical creation for the development among economic, society and environment protection.The technical system of sustainable development of agriculture is consisting of agriculture technical industry system and the technical inspection, control, evaluation system. The agriculture technical industry system is concerned how to improve theproduction quality and yield, how to reduce production cost, how to solve pollution problem. The technical inspection, control, evaluation system is for dealing with the technical quality security standard system, technical quality security inspection control system, technical quality security evaluation system and the technical quality security information system.Four facets of supporting the operation of sustainable development technique of agriculture are researched, 1. Link the technique of sustainable development of agriculture to traditional, modern technique properly; 2. Promote the industry of sustainable development technique of agriculture; 3. Socialize the sustainable development technique of agriculture; 4. Perfect the market of sustainable development technique of agriculture. Four types of sustainable development technique model of agriculture in china are formulated, that is stereo-synthesized technical model, material recycle technical model, eco-environmental synthesized managing model, plant diseases and insect pests protection synthesized model.The advantage for being a WTO member is that government can invest even much more capital to agriculture. The investment can be benefit Chinese sustainable development technique of agriculture for introducing and using the new technique and products, facilitating the construction of technical law, technical inspection and controlling system. The disadvantage will be the deficiency supply of sustainable development technique in the short period, the cost of technical investment will be increased, and the talent person run off, and it will damage the fundamental technical re
【Key words】 sustainable development; agriculture; technique; frame;