【作者】 李秀山；

【导师】 张雅林；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业害虫综合治理， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 本文在甘肃白水江自然保护区碧峰沟通过野外调查、定点定时观察、实验地饲养、标记重捕等方法研究了碧峰沟的蝶类多样性并进行了局部濒危评估；研究了四种重要蝶类的生物学特性；对长尾麝凤蝶的生境、自然种群生命表、种群结构、种群移动性进行了深入研究，并估测了各种种群参数，分析了种群发展趋势。分析了导致金裳凤蝶、长尾麝凤蝶种群下降或波动的关键因子，提出了保护措施。 1．碧峰沟蝶类多样性研究：研究了α-多样性和β-多样性。碧峰沟的物种多样性十分丰富。经调查，在30km~2的面积内，有蝶类180种，分属于12个科，97个属。β-多样性也很丰富，从沟口到沟底，植被破坏和污染逐渐减轻，蝶类种类多度和种群丰富度依次增加，β-多样性变化明显。 2．濒危评估：经评估，沟内蝶类濒危种类多。极危的种类有：美凤蝶、褐钩凤蝶、黑紫蛱蝶、大紫蛱蝶、斑凤蝶；濒危种类有：金裳凤蝶、箭环蝶、红基美凤蝶、牛郎凤蝶、突缘麝凤蝶、小黑斑凤蝶、波绿凤蝶、铂铠蛱蝶、傲白蛱蝶、猫蛱蝶；易危种类有：多姿麝凤蝶、乌克兰剑凤蝶、华夏剑凤蝶、宽带青凤蝶、冰清绢蝶、灰翅串珠环蝶。 3．重要种类的生物学、濒危原因与保护研究： ①金裳凤蝶：一年一代，以蛹在枝条上越冬。雄成虫5月下旬出现，雌成虫6月初出现，6月为盛期，7月下旬成虫少见。六月中旬产卵，卵期20天左右。幼虫期从六月下旬到九月中旬，幼虫五龄，历期50-55天，取食异叶马兜铃，八月中旬开始老熟幼虫在灌木、树枝上化蛹，蛹的颜色随化蛹时背景颜色变化，九月上旬为化蛹盛期。预蛹期2天，蛹期6个月。雄蝶飞翔能力强，飞翔高而快。雌蝶羽化后就近访花、交尾，寻找寄主植物马兜铃产卵、雌虫孕卵量为18-20粒；飞行缓慢，反应迟钝，相对容易捕捉。成虫活动时间在上午九点到下午六点，以上午10-12点最为活跃。 访花在羽化初期以合欢花为主，六月中旬后以粉叶羊蹄甲花为主，七月上旬后则以臭牡丹为主。雌雄性比为：1:3。 影响种群增长的主要原因是生境丧失、异常气候条件和天敌。生境的破坏、丧失减少了寄主植物的数量，夏季高温干旱、秋季淫雨降低了卵和幼虫的成活率，寄生蜂降低了越冬蛹的成活率。 卵和幼虫期的天敌主要有：蜘蛛、蠼螋、胡蜂、猎蝽、鸟类，蛹期天敌为姬蜂、鸟类。 种群结构为典型的异质种群，且为源-汇种群，共有九个斑块，山王庙、西沟斑块为最大的源种群斑块。种群在斑块内处于灭绝、再定居的动态过程，灭绝率大于再定植率，即种群处于下降趋势。 ②小黑斑凤蝶：一年一代，以蛹越冬。翌年3月下旬至4月中旬羽化，幼虫绿色，5龄。幼虫取食楠木叶，大龄幼虫常成排爬在向阳面叶片的正面晒太阳。因而容易被鸟类捕食。蛹褐色，直形。 ③嘉翠峡蝶:一年一代，以大龄幼虫或老熟幼虫在棕搁树棕中越冬。翌年五月中下旬老幼虫从棕搁树棕中爬出，取食嫩棕叶。6月上旬老熟幼虫化蛹，蛹期20天。7月一8月为成虫期。9月至10月为幼虫期，10月底以幼虫在棕搁树棕中越冬。成虫喜在日光下活动，飞翔迅速，行动活泼;卵黑褐色，有瘤状突起;幼虫绿色，体两侧长满长刺;蛹为悬蛹，绿色，背部有5个亮丽的银色金属斑点。 卵和幼虫由于裸露在棕叶背面，易被天敌吃掉，存活率低。卵孵化率为50%，幼虫存活率为49.1%。 ④长尾庸凤蝶:一年二代，以蛹在灌木或树枝上越冬，翌年4月中旬羽化。第一代卵历期12一14天，第二代卵历期7一9天。第一代幼虫5龄，历期30天;第二代幼虫5龄或6龄，历期30一40天;幼虫取食异叶马兜铃。第一代蛹6月初化蛹，蛹期20一26天;第二代蛹7月下旬到9月底化蛹。第一代成虫5月中下旬为高峰期;第二代成虫高峰期在6月下旬到7月中旬。有世代重叠。雄成虫比雌成虫早羽化7一10天，主要在沟底活动，飞行能力较强。雌成虫飞行能力较差，主要在出生地附近访花交尾产卵。产卵量平均为31.5粒。雌雄性比1:4。雄成虫寿命26天，雌成虫寿命21天。成虫访花植物有:广布野豌豆、兰花、火棘、合欢、粉叶羊蹄甲、臭牡丹、密蒙花、接骨草。 种群增长率参数为:第一代:越冬蛹羽化率:55.1%;卵孵化率:75石%;幼虫保存率:42.1%;第二代:蛹羽化率:83.3%;卵孵化率:53.0%;幼虫保存率:22.8%。种群增长率:第一代成虫到第二代成虫:2.021;第二代成虫到越冬后第一代成虫:0.508。年增长率为:1.027。 种群数量:用标记重捕法调查了4代成虫的种群数量，结果为:2001年第二代:n83头;2002年第一代:586头;2002年第二代:1211头;2003年第一代:6巧头; 环境容量为:第一代:600头:第二代:1 200头。 种群密度:第一代:20头/枷2;第二代:40头加mZ。 最小居住时间:雄成虫最长14天，平均4.6天;雌成虫最长20天，平均6.6天。 家域的确定:用至少捕到两次的数据确定。 种群结构:为典型的异质种群，且为源一汇种群，一共有九个斑块，山王庙、西沟斑块为最大的源种群斑块。种群在斑块内没有灭绝发生，即种群处于在环境容量附近上下波动的平衡状态。 _种群移动性:雄成虫扩散距离在Zkm以内的个体比例89.19%;扩散距离在3kl更多还原

【Abstract】 This study deals with butterfly diversity and assessing endangered species in Natural Reserve of Baishuijiang in Gansu Province. The research includes field investigation, observation at certain time and places, captive breeding in experimental area, capture-recapture etc. The biology of four important butterfly species is studied, especially focusing on the natural population life table, habitats, population structure and mobility of Byasa impediens. The population developing trend and key factor that result population decline and fluctuation of Troides aeacus and Byasa impediens are analysed. Conservation measure are provided.1. Butterfly diversity in Bifeng GullyThis work includes research on a and P -diversity. It appears that the species hi this area are very abundant. There are 180 butterfly species in 30km2, which belong to 12 families and 97 genera. Meanwhile, ?-diversity is also in high level with gradually increasing abundance and diversity when pollution and damage of forestry are decreasing from the mouth to the end of this gully.2. The assessing of endangered degree of some speciesThere are many endangered species in this gully and the critically endangered species include Papilio epycides, Meandrusa scrion, Sasakia funebris.Sasakia charonda, Chilasa clytia ; the endangered species include Papilio alcmenor, Papilio bootes, Papilio polyctor, Byasa plutonius, Chilasa epycides, Chitoria pallas, Jimelaea maculata, Helcyra superba,Stichophthalma howqua, and the vulnerable species include Byasa polyeutes, Pazala tamerlanta, Pazala mandarina, Pamassius latreille, Graphium scopoli, Funis aepope.3. The biology, endangered reason and conservation measure of important species(1) Troides aeacus: univoltine, overwintering as pupae on branch. Male adults fly in late May and females emerge in early June. The adults are seldom found in late July. Female lays its eggs hi mid-June and eggs will hatch in 20 days, larvae feeding on Aristolochia kaempferi from late June to mid-September (about 50-55 days), five instars. From mid-August, larvae become pupae in tree branches or brushes with changeable color based on background. The pre-pupa is about 2 days and pupa is about six months. The male adults can fly higher and faster than females. Adults will visit flowers, mating and find hostplant Aristolochia kaempferi after eclosion. The active time of adults is from 9:00 A.M. to 18:00 P.M., more active from 10-12 A.M. in the morning. The rate of female to male is 1:3.Their favorable flower is Albizzia julibrissin in the early eclosing period, and then change to Aristolochia kaempferi in mid-June, then Clerodendrum bungei after early July.The key factors, which influence the growth of population of Troides aeacus, include habitat loss, abnormal climatic conditions and natural enemies. The loss of habitat results in less hostplants. The hot and dry weather in summer and too much rain in autumn reduce the survival rate of eggs and larvae rapidly. The natural enemies of larvae include spiders, earwigs, wasps, bugs and birds, and pupa ichneumon.The population structure is typical metapopulation (source-sink population) with nine patches. The patch of West Gully and Shanwang-Temple Gully is the source population and the population in these patches is a dynamic process from extinction to reclonizition. The rate of extinction is higher than reclonizition, which indicates the decline of population.(2) Chilasa epycides: Univoltine. They overwinter in pupae and eclose in next late March to Mid-April. Larvae are greenish, five instars, feeding on leaves of Aristolochia kaempferi. The larvae of late instars always array in lines on the leaves exposed to the sun to catch the heat of light, so they are easily to be found and eaten by birds. The pupa of this is brown.(3) Euthalia kardama: Univoltine. They overwinter in elder larvae in the old leaves of palms in late October. The larvae emerge from the leaves in mid-to late- May of next year and feed on fresh leaves of palms. The larvae will become更多还原