转型期中国城乡反贫困问题研究

【作者】 王大超；

【导师】 金喜在；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 始于20世纪70年代末的改革，将中国带入到了一个特殊的历史时期。用“转型”一词对这一时期加以概括，就是因为这一时期将实现中国社会结构和经济结构的历史性转轨。转轨的进程正在对传统的思维观念、价值取向和行为方式形成强大的冲击。竞争机制的引入，极化效应的作用，不断强化对弱势群体的排斥；社会福利制度的改革，也必然降低对弱势群体的保护。在这种背景之下，关注穷人、关注贫困问题既是政府的重要职责，又是一切有良知的学者们的共识，同时也是当今中国社会民众的强烈呼吁。梳理国内外贫困与反贫困理论，针对中国的现实国情，对转型期城乡贫困问题进行深层次研讨，进而构建转型期中国城乡反贫困理论，并在此基础上探寻可操作性的城乡反贫困操作模式，正是本文选题与写作的主旨。 本文由六部分构成。 第一部分：导论。分析选题的背景，论述反贫困的国际意义与转型期中国城乡反贫困的现实意义。 反贫困是当今世界各国面临的共同课题。20世纪90年代中期前，宏观意义上中国贫困问题的特定涵指是农村贫困，因为自然、历史因素的积淀，决定了我国农村贫困问题的持久性、复杂性；而90年代中后期以来，随着城镇职工下岗、失业率的骤然升高，城镇贫困问题又接踵凸现，其发展之快、关联之广、程度之深是许多人始料不及的。此为本文选题的时代背景，也是本文致力于研讨贫困问题的现实出发点。 第二部分：第二章。通过对贫困含义的多向度解析，追溯国内外反贫困理论的发展轨迹，明确马克思主义政治经济学在我国反贫困实践中的指导作用。在总结国内外反贫困理论的体系特点和现存问题的基础上，提出重新构建转型期中国反贫困理论框架应侧重考虑的几个问题：加强反贫困理论的基础研究工作；转型期城镇反贫困理论的研究亟需填补空白；以宽视角、多层面原则构建我国反贫困理论。 第三部分：第三章。贫困测度是一项十分复杂而具有特殊意义的工作，贫困测度的结果是制定反贫困政策的重要依据。本章着重分析国际通行的贫困测度指标体系及特点，研究目前我国贫困线指标体系的构成，提出了改进我国转型期贫困测度指标体系的设想：1）构建反映时代特征的贫困指标体系。提出国内贫困指标与国际标准统一，贫困指标体系与小康生活水平相比照的设想。2）统一贫困测度的基本指标统计口径。提出以城乡居民可支配收入为基本指标测定基尼系数；以居民消费价格指数为标准衡量贫困人日消费品支出状况。3）最低生活保障制度的框架结构应更加综合和全面。4）实现我国基础度量指标与国际标准化度量体系相结合。 第四部分：第四、入章。对转型期中国贫困状况进行宏观与微观考察，检索农村与城市的贫困规模与分布特征。结合贫困成因的一般理论，实证分析自然历史因素的积淀、人口素质与负担、生态系统的非均衡状态和二元结构的制约等问题与农村贫困形成的因果联系；从劳动力供需结构夫衡、国企效益滑坡、现行社会保障制度的缺陷、权力腐败与分配不公等因素探讨城市贫困问题形成的原因。 第五部分：第六章。通过对反贫困治理结构内涵及要素的分析，阐述反贫困治理结构要素协调作用的实践意义。在借鉴美国、澳大利亚、马来西亚及孟加拉等国治理结构方案的基础上，提出了转型期中国反贫困治理结构的主建内容：1）制定《国家反贫困法》，体观反贫困治理结构的制度规范：J重构反贫困治理结构的参与模式，实现政府功能的再定位：3）重塑贫困人口的士体地位，逐步完善贫困人口的参与机制；4）防止山责 权、利越位所导致的腐败问题发生。 第六部分：第七、八章。在全面分析和评价“八七扶贫攻咯计划”的基础卜，系统研究转型期中国农村反贫困操作模式，并在层次分析的基础上构建子长县反贫困系统模型。提出构建“就业＋保障”型城市反贫困系统。针对转型期城市低保“扩面”与“提标” 目标的现实矛盾，提出构建面向市场、面向穷人的“三线均衡”的社会保障体系；结合城市贫困问题的现实状况，提出就业导向的经济发展应成为城市反贫困的本源性战略。更多还原

【Abstract】 China entered a special historical period since the reform at the end of 1970s. It is in this period that China will be realizing the transform of her social and economic structure, so transform is used to describe this very period, during which the traditional mode of thinking, trend of value and mode of behavior are facing a blast. With competition and polarization effect, the small and weak have been repelled seriously; the reform of social welfare system will also decrease the guarantee to the small and weak. Under such situation, to take care of the poor, and solve the poverty problem have become not only a government’s important responsibility, but also the common plea of the scholars, as well as the common quest all over the world. The main idea of this dissertation is to clarify the theories of poverty and anti-poverty, to research in the depth of the poverty issue on the base of China reality, so as to construct China’s anti-poverty theory and to pursue the practical mode of anti-poverty in cities and villages.This dissertation is divided into six sections.The first section: (Introduction.) By analyzing the background of this topic, to state its practical meaning to China’s anti-poverty during her transform period, as well as its international meaning.Anti-poverty is a common task all over the world. Before the mid of 1990s, microscopically China’s poverty problem refers to the poverty in village, which is a long and complex issue because of the factors of the nature and history. While since the mid and the end of the 1990s the poverty problem in cities and towns is becoming obvious with the increase of laid-off and unemployment. It is out of expectation since the increase speed is so fast, broad and deep. Therefore, the reason to choose this topic is also to research poverty problem on a practical base.The second section: (the second chapter.) By analyzing the concepts of poverty from many sides, to focus on the development of anti-povertytheory all over the world so as to make sure the leading role of the Marxism Political and Economic theory in China’s anti-poverty process. By summarizing the characters and defects of the anti-poverty theories all over the world, to propose the following issues so as to reconstruct China’s anti-poverty theory: to enforce the basic research on anti-poverty theory; to research the poverty theory in cities and towns during the transform; to construct China’s anti-poverty theory on the principles of broad and various views.The third section: (the third chapter) On the important base of poverty measurement, which is a complex but meaningful task, to construct anti-poverty policies in China. This chapter focuses on the international commonly used poverty measurement standard to analyze its features as well as to research China’s poverty-line standard and to proposes the suggestions of improving China’s poverty measurement methods during the transform. 1) to build a standard system, reflecting its times features, which also parallels with the international standard and can be compared with the well-to-do living standard; 2) to unify the basic statistics standard; to measure Gini coefficient based on the level citizens can afford, and to measure the consume conditions on the base of the prices citizens can consume; 3) to complete the construction of the lowest living guarantee system 4) to combine China’s basic measurement with international standard.The fourth section: (the fourth chapter and fifth chapters) To investigate China’s poverty situation on microscopic and microcosmic views and to analysis the distribution features and scope of poverty in villages and cities. Combined with the general factors of poverty formation, to positively analyze the reasons of nature and history, population, biological system and the limitation from its dual structures. To research the formation reasons of city poverty from the following aspects, including unbalance of labor forces, the landslip of national enterprises benefits,defects of present social更多还原