魏晋南朝寒人仕进研究

【作者】 李琼英；

【导师】 蒋福亚； 许福谦；

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2002， 博士

【摘要】 寒人是门阀制度的产物，也是本文探讨的主体。与过去将其附着于门阀世族进行研究不同，本文主要以魏晋南朝时期正史入传寒人入仕状况的统计为基础，揭示出其仕进途径及变化规律，主要有诸府辟召、州郡县佐吏、察举、中央政府征拜等入仕方式，其中诸府辟召、州郡县佐吏居于主要地位，察举及中央政府直接征拜入仕者较少。 就诸府辟召而言，其在战乱时期被辟召者较多，在其他时期较少，明显表现出时段性。其中，曹魏时期的寒人大多在曹操时凭借才学、武勇被辟召，被召者多至高位，多获封爵，其后则发生较大变化，辟召也演变为一种受官僚、世族子弟把持的起点较高的入仕方式，以致两晋时仍是如此。在此环境中的寒人只能于内乱或战乱等特殊时期获得被辟召机会，且除少数人以军功致显、升至五品或以上外，余者只能在低位徘徊，难获升迁。南朝时期，寒人多以文才学识、吏能、军功等被召，多能升至五品以上官位，并大量获得封爵，表现出新的时代特征。 寒人出任州郡县佐吏，曹魏时期仍多集中在曹操时，且多以吏能或军功致显。两晋时期则集中在西晋及两晋之际，其迁至高位者少，大多处于低位，获取爵位者则更少。南朝时期因州郡县佐吏呈著姓化趋势，寒人入仕之途再次受阻，转而以经学文才或军功被辟，但最终获得的官职、品级有明显差异。 察举制下的寒人一般以孝廉、吏职或特举被举，但以此入仕者少，并鲜能至显位，且自曹魏至两晋南朝呈逐渐减少趋势，表明该途径并非处于主要地位。 被中央政府征拜的寒人不多，且较多集中在两晋南朝时期。两晋时期所征多为才学、博学之士，也有以孝友、才干被征者，但难至显位。南朝时期则多以军功被征。由于军功的作用，南朝时期被征诸人大多居高位，获封爵。 寒人阶层是本时期重要的历史构成，通过对其仕进途径的研究，揭示其自身力量的发展变化，具有丰富魏晋南朝政治史内容的意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The term of "common people" originated from the system of influential families of generations’ standing. Different from former studies which attached the study of "common people" to that of influential families of generations’ standing, the present paper takes "common people" as the focus of the study, and concludes that "common people" were recorded in biographies of the periods of Wei. Jin and Southern Dynasties; furthermore, the paper analyzes the process of "common people" becoming officials and their promotions during the periods of Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties. The present study described the rise and fall of common people’s holding offices in Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties, and showed that the major ways by which "common people" became officials are: to be accepted in offices at all levels (including government offices, general’s offices, residences of princes as well as central government offices), to become aides to ranking officials or generals, or to pass examinations for selecting officials; besides, a few of "common people" were appointed officials by central government.As for being accepted in offices at all levels, there appeared obvious periods of time for "common people’s" to hold office, that is, most "common people" were accepted in offices during time of wars, while few during other periods of time. In Wei Dynasty, "common people" held offices because of their talent or courage in wars, which was especially the case when Cao Cao was in power, and those who were accepted in offices often ranked high and most were conferred titles; After that period of time, there were great changes in the way of accepting "common people" in offices at all levels, official positions were mainly held by offspring of officials and influential families of generations’ standing, which made it a hard way for "common people" to hold offices. In this way, influential families of generation’s standing had become the main body of those who were accepted in offices at all levels. In Jin Dynasty, generally speaking, "common people" might be accepted only during special periods of time like internal turmoil or war turmoil, and except for a few who ranked high for outstanding military exploits, the rest only obtained low ranks, and it seemed hard for them to be promoted. During Southern Dynasty, "common people" were accepted in offices at all levels for their advantages like knowledge, talent and military exploit, and because they took active part in political turmoil at that time, most of them ranked high and were conferred titles, which showed the growing influence of "common people".To be aides to ranking officials or generals is another way of becoming officials for "common people". In Wei Dynasty, "common people" often held offices before the establishment of regime, and most of whom ranked high and were conferred titles for governing talent or military exploits. In Jin Dynasty, especially in Western Jin and the interval between Western and Eastern Jin, it was hard for "common people" to be promoted, and it was even harder for them to rank high. Thus, those who ranked low increased; more and more "common people" remained as aides to ranking officials or generals, and few of whom were conferred titles. In Southern Dynasty, because of the tendency that influential families of generations’ standing became local aides toranking officials, few of "common people" held offices in this way. Most of "common people" came to be officials for their talent or war exploits, and there were prominent differences in the highest rank each individual had obtained after different times of transfer. The ones who ranked high may reach first-class or second, and were conferred titles, but the ones holding low positions even had no ranks.As for examinations for selecting officials, "common people" mostly passed them at their posts, few of whom held office in this way; this falling trend went on from Wei Dynasty to Jin and Southern Dynasties, furthermore, few of whom could rank high, which showed that it was not更多还原