节点文献
论冷战后挑战主权的理论思潮
【作者】 卢凌宇;
【导师】 周启朋;
【作者基本信息】 外交学院 , 国际关系学, 2002, 博士
【副题名】重新思考国家主权
【摘要】 主权是现代民族国家的本质属性,也是国际法学、政治学和国际关系学的基础概念之一。人类进入20世纪以来,主权不断地遭遇理论和现实的质疑。以一战后、二战后和冷战后为波峰,20世纪挑战主权的思潮形成三条明显的波痕。冷战结束后,主权遭遇了空前的挑战。在冷战终结、全球化和西方“后现代主义”的背景下,主权国家作为一种制度是否已经过时?如果主权仍然还有生命力,应该如何认识全球化时代的主权本身? 以上述两个问题的提出和解决为基本线索,本文在结构上清晰地分为两部分,即挑战主权的理论思潮(第一编)和全球化时代的国家主权(第二编)。第一编主要是对冷战后挑战主权理论思潮的归纳、总结和评价;第二编则在第一编的基础上重新定义全球化时代的国家主权。 第一、挑战主权的理论思潮 本文从哲学和社会学的角度,把冷战后挑战主权的理论思潮划分为理性主义和非理性主义两类。其中理性主义思潮包括经验主义思潮(主要是“主权弱化—终结论”和“主权可分—让渡论”)和规范主义思潮(主要是“全球治理论”、“道德相互依存—人权高于主权论”)两种;非理性主义思潮主要包括“激进女性主义”和“文化认同政治论”两个。 “主权可分—让渡论”在本质上是经济决定论。它质疑了经济、政治和文化全球化之下民族国家领土的完整性、政府的统治和管理能力以及公民对国家的认同基础。它启示我们历史地看待主权、重新思考领土以及国家对内对外管辖权的涵义。“主权可分—让渡论”认为国力不同,国家主权含量不同;主权可以分割和转让。它把主权工具化和功能化,本质上是主权相对论。同时,它暗示了主权可能存在层次性。“全球治理论”以经济新自由主义为思想基础,企图以多元权力中心取代国家中心,建立西方国家主导的、压迫发展中国家的世界秩序;“道德相互依存—人权高于主权论”的哲学基础是个人自由至上主义。它强调全球化背景下人权、人道主义、民主、自由等价值的普世性,从而为“民主国家”以捍卫人权为借口任意干涉其他国家提供了理论依据。这两种规范主义思潮揭示了国际规范和国际社会对国家主权身份潜移默化的建构作用。 “激进女性主义”从后现代的“知识—权力”学说出发,揭露了主权的压迫性本质,批判了“主权”中隐藏的男性中心主义、人类中心主义和西方中心主义,号召颠覆主权国家制度。它有着鲜明的无政府主义取向,但却揭示了当代资本主义国家中由于国家过度膨胀而引发的合法性危机,为重新认识主权提供了有益的启示。“文化认同政治论”作为一种狭隘的民族文化相对论,鼓吹打破线性的、僵化的主权教条,废黜“政治—领土”意义上的主权国家,以民族文化认同为基础重汇主权国家地图。它的积极意义在于:突出了领土和弱势种族、民族和文化群体的认同对于主权建构之重要性。 从政治哲学角度看,冷战后挑战主权的理论思潮在思想渊源上都是自由至上主义,即都把理性的国家置于理性的西方市民社会和个人主义、功利主义哲学的对立面。两者的区别主要在于:前者坚持启蒙价值和现代主义,相信冲破主权国家的疆界和管制有利于人类社会的进步;后者则否定启蒙价值和现代主义,企图以无政府主义或建立在民族文化基础上的“纯粹”民族国家取而代之。但除了“激进女性主义”之外,冷战后挑战主权的理论思潮质疑的都不是主权国家制度本身,而是具体国家的主权,主要是发展中国家和多种族、多民族、多文化国家的主权。主权国家并没有过时的最有力的证明是:还没有另一种政治组织能够取而代之。而且,冷战后民族国家的数量不是减少了,而是大幅度增加了。 从现实影响来看,“激进女性主义”基本上止于西方左派知识圈和国际关系的某些激进建构主义学者,但其他各种思潮对现实国际关系和国内政治己经产生了消极的影晌。其中影响最大的是“道德相互依存一人权高于主权论”和“文化认同政治论”。 无论是理性主义思潮,还是非理性主义思潮,最大的缺陷都在于忽视了现代民族国家、资本主义、全球化和后现代主义之间的共生性,片面地否定现代民族国家,从而为国际垄断资本主义的扩张和统治提供了理论依据。因此,虽然理性主义思潮的理论基础是全球化,非理性主义思潮的理论基础是后现代主义,但二者在资本主义经济基础这个前提下却实现了统一。只要现代国家的经济基础还是资本主义,主权国家就永远不会过时。第二、全球化时代的国家主权 全球化时代的主权包括两类四个要素。其中规范性要素(领土的完整性、政府统治和管理的有效性)是主权的实体性或形式要素,比较稳定,在当代国际法中得到了明确确认;建构性要素(国内人民的认同、国际社会承认)则是主权的非实体性或实质性要素,相对缺乏稳定性,常常由于规范性要素的变化而变动c 领土的完整性:它表现为国家对领土的有效控制以及领土对民族感情的寄托。全球化并没有削弱国家对领土的控制。国家除了享有传统的属地管辖和属人管辖权外,还被国际法赋予了保护性管辖和普遍性管辖权。国家领土边界的开放服务于国际交流的需要
【Abstract】 As the essential attribute of modem nation state, SOVEREIGNTY is one of the basic concepts of international law, west political theory and international relations. The whole 20th century saw sovereignty was depreciated in theory and practice. Culminating at the end of World War I, World War II and the Cold-War, counter sovereignty thoughts in the 20th century made three well-marked waves. It is in the Post Cold -War era that sovereignty has been encountering unprecedented challenges. As globalization and what is called "Post-Modernism" draws on, is sovereign state as an institution really out of season? If it is still in bloom, how could we understand SOVEREIGNTY per se in the globalizing age?Outlined by the two questions above, our dissertation consists of two parts, i.e. counter sovereignty thoughts (Part I) and sovereignty in the globalizaed age (Part II); Part I serves to summarize and evalue various thoughts of couter sovereignty in the Post-Cold War period; Part H will do the construction of SOVEREIGNTY on the basis of Part I.Part I: Counter sovereignty thoughtsFrom philosophical and sociological point of view, we classify counter sovereignty thoughts in the Post-Cold War era into two categories, i.e. rational thoughts and irrational thoughts. The former primarily include empirical thoughts (’weaking-ending of sovereignty’, and ’divisibility-transferability of sovereignty’) and normative thoughts (’global governance’, and ’moral interdepencence-human rights being superior to sovereignty’); the latter principally consist of ’radical feminism’ and ’cultural politics of identity’.’Weakening-ending of sovereignty’ is in essence economic determinism. It casts doubts upon the territorial integrity of nation state, compentence of rule and management of the government as well as the identification of the citizens of the state. At the same time, it inspires us to focus upon sovereignty historically, to re-exame the connotation of territory as well as domestic and external jurisdiction of nation states. ’Divisibility-transferability of sovereignty’ holds that contents of sovereignty vary with state power and sovereignty can be divided and transferred. As a sovereign relativism, it is liable to insrumentalize and functionalize sovereignty. Nevertheless, it positively purports to the possibility of a level analysis of sovereignty. Based upon neo-liberalism, ’global governance’ attempts to usurp the authority of state with that of pluralist powers, thus building a west leading world order in which developing states are bound to be repressed. ’Moral interdependence-human rights being superior to sovereignty’ is philosophically libertaranism. It stresses the universality of suchwest values as human right, humanism, democracy and freedom and then lay a theoretical foundation so that ’democacies’ could interfere with internal affairs of non-democracies under the auspice of human rights. The two normative thoughts help to unmask the fact that international norms and relations are exerting subtle impacts upon the construction of sovereignty.Radical feminism’ is virtually anarchism. Starting from the theory of knowledge-power, it exposes the oppressivness of sovereignty, discloses its hidden androcentrism, anthropocentrism, and occidental-centrism and summons the deconstruction of sovereignty. Its positive influcence lies in uncovering legitimate crises of modem capitalist states which result from the overt expansion of the state itself. ’Cultural politics of identity’ is a parochial cultural relativism. It advocates destroying the linear and rigid dogma of sovereignty, dethroning political-territorial sovereign states, and re-drawing the map of sovereign states according to cultural identification. Meanwhile, it lends prominence to the importance of territory and identification of inferior ethical, national and cultural groups in the construction of sovereignty.Philosophically speaking, counter sovereingty thoughts above are all defined as libertarianism, i.e. setting rational sovereign state against ra
【Key words】 sovereignty; state; government; capitalism; power; right; authority; idetntity(identification); recognization; legitimacy; nation; globalization; (post-)modernism;
- 【网络出版投稿人】 外交学院 【网络出版年期】2002年 02期
- 【分类号】D81
- 【被引频次】2
- 【下载频次】1275