【作者】 罗潇；

【导师】 陈明立；

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 ， 人口学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 “生育行为”是具备一定生育权利能力和行为能力的适格自然人孕育和生产后代并对结果承担法律责任的社会活动或关系,是人类繁衍后代、延续种族的人口再生产行为。它不仅具有自然属性,而且具有社会属性。社会属性是生育行为最本质的属性。生育行为不仅关系到公民自身的发展,也关系到后代幸福、夫妻感情、家庭美满,而且更关系到民族繁荣、国家昌盛和社会进步。伴随辅助生殖技术发展和人类基因工程的深入探秘,人类生育行为发生了显著变化：生育观念从单纯的“传宗接代、养儿防老”向更高层次的“优生优育、幸福生活”发展；生育主体由“单一主体”向“多元群体”发展；生育方式由单一“自然生育”向“以自然生育为主、辅助生育为辅”发展；生育类型从“被动的义务型”向“主动的权利型”转化,生育权利和自由得以彰显。人类生育行为的变化,既给我国当今生育行为的法律规制模式带来巨大的挑战,也给生育行为的法治提供了历史性发展机遇。当今社会,是一个多元文化共存的社会。多元文化促进了宽容精神的形成。宽容精神,有助于人们对“不符合社会主流”的生育行为的容忍,助推了生育行为的多样性发展,促进了公民生育权的深入实现。在多元社会背景下,生育领域也出现了多元现象：多元化的生育主体和多样化的生育方式。它们促进了公民生育权的充分实现,但也对现行的婚姻家庭秩序、婚育伦理道德和法律制度带来了巨大的影响,国家必须进行调控。由此引发了“国家生育控制权”与“公民生育自由权”之间的矛盾与冲突,致使二者之间的“张力”凸显。“公权与私权存在张力”,是当今人类生育领域内最大的客观实际,也是我国迫切需要解决的现实问题。在社会多元、权利张扬、法治昌盛的当今时代,压制或漠视公民的“生育权利”诉求,必将引发严重的社会问题。如何协调和统一“公权与私权”的关系?世界各国的经验告诉我们：妥协与法治是最佳的解决途径。通过妥协,促进多元社会群体的根本利益共存,求得彼此的利益实现；通过生育法治,明晰国家公权力和公民私权利的界限,廓清权力边界和权利范围,实现国家利益和公民权益的最大化,实现双赢。为此,公民、家庭、国家、社会应该秉持应有的社会责任感,恪守其责,确保公民生育行为的顺利实施和生育权利的充分实现。公民个人必须依法负责任地生育、家庭力避不当干预、国家适度调控和社会多元化宽容,以此营造一种温馨、和谐、安全、法治的生育氛围,为公民的生育权实现和国家的人口素质提升搭建双赢的平台。科学技术是一把双刃剑。一方面,人工授精、试管婴儿、代孕、生殖性克隆等人工辅助生育和避孕、人工流产、堕胎、绝育等节育措施确实有助于公民更加充分地行使自由生育的权利；另一方面,它也给婚姻、家庭、社会带来了一系列的伦理和法律问题。因此,无论公民,还是国家,都必须谨慎对待。公民应理性选择、谨慎实施,做“生育理性人”；国家需要适时制定相应的法律制度,科学引导,依法规范。“没有救济,就没有权利”。对于公民生育行为的不法侵害,除了公民的私力救济外,国家、社会应该依法分别实施国家救济和社会救助,以保障公民生育权利不受非法的侵害。我国现行的人口与生育法律,因为生育权制度的缺失,致使存在生育侵害救济上的不足与缺憾。对此,我国应该设立“生育行为侵害之诉”制度。在计划生育基本国策未发生根本性变化的背景下,我国未来的生育立法必须立足国情,在尊重公民生育权的基础上,以全面保障公民身体健康权和生育自决权为核心,坚持“三步曲”战略,走一条中国特色的人口生育法治之路。本文分为九大部分：第一部分：绪论。主要介绍研究背景、理论基础和现实意义；追溯当前国内外学术界关于“生育行为”的研究情况；介绍研究思路和逻辑推进；最后简要介绍研究方法,概括研究的理论创新和存在的不足之处。第二部分：当代生育行为规制研究的理论基石。主要通过法哲学的自由与正义、法政治学的公权私权协调统一、人权保障理论、人口法学生育理性人等与生育行为法律规制密切相关理论的探讨,寻觅人口生育法治的思想渊源,为当代我国生育行为的法律规制研究铺下坚固的理论基石。第三部分：法律视角下的生育行为。从法律规制的角度,探析“生育”与“生育行为”的各自内涵与彼此关系；追溯我国原始社会、传统社会和近现代时期人口生育的社会规制演变史,以寻求人类生育行为规制的客观发展规律；最后论述当今我国人口生育面临的历史性挑战与机遇,需要国家、社会、家庭和公民做出一定程度的“让步”,达成利益共存的“妥协”,依靠生育“法治”,实现共赢。第四部分：生育行为的主体界定。主体,是生育行为的实施者和执行者。当今的生育行为的实施主体出现了多元化趋势。既有传统的婚内生育主体的夫妻,也有未婚生育的男女,还有婚外再生育的群体,更有生育诉求的单身女性、同性恋、精神病患者和犯罪分子及其配偶。对于上述的生育行为实施者,尤其是生育少数群体,其生育行为给我国现行的家庭、婚姻法律制度和社会秩序带来较大的影响,需要结合客观社会现实,从法律规制的角度进行合理的规范与界定。因此,本部分主要分析法律意义上的生育行为主体涵义及条件,重点分析单身女性、同性恋、精神病患者、犯罪分子的生育行为及其规制问题。第五部分：生育行为的方式选择。当今人类生育行为的方式,按照有无性交的参与,可以分为有性生育和无性生育。有性生育又可以分为未婚生育、婚内生育和婚外生育三种；无性生育主要包括：在人工辅助生育技术支撑下的人工授精、试管婴儿、代孕和克隆等。在如此众多的生育方式中,人类该如何选择,国家该如何引导与规范,公民该如何理性选择,是本部分研究的核心和重点。第六部分：重要生育行为的法律剖析。根据以“孕育一个健康、聪明的宝宝”为标准,将当今人类的生育行为分为积极生育行为和消极生育行为。前者以孕育后代为根本目的,创造条件,努力妊娠,积极生育；后者以避免受孕和分娩为前提,竭力避孕,甚至流产或堕胎或绝育,以实现不生育的自由。从生育权实现和法律规制的角度,分析自然生育、人工授精、试管婴儿、代孕、避孕、流产、绝育的相关法律问题,并提出合理化的规制建议。第七部分：公民、家庭、国家和社会的责任与义务。本部分主要从公权与私权的“妥协与法治”角度出发,分别从公民、家庭、国家和社会的角度,提出了在当今中国实现生育法治的根本前提和基础条件：公民负责任地生育、家庭避免不适当干预、国家适度性调控、社会多元化宽容,以此夯实生育行为规制实现的保障基础。第八部分：生育行为的侵害及救济。本部分重点分析生育行为侵害的构成要件和种类,提出救济的司法建议。公民的生育行为有受到来自配偶、家庭、社会和国家有关机关的侵害的可能性和现实性,如不及时救济,公民的生育自由和权利就无法得到保障。所以,必须通过公民的私力救济和国家的公力救济,对侵害公民生育的侵权或侵害行为,及时加以约束和制裁。在当前生育权制度缺失的情况下,建议设立“生育行为侵害之诉”。第九部分：研究结论和立法建议。综合上述的研究,归纳总结生育行为法律规制的有关观点,分析我国生育立法的可行性,提出生育立法的构架设想。在此基础之上,建议以“生殖健康权”和“生育自决权”为核心,从生育权实现的角度出发,坚持立法的三步曲,制定适合我国国情的人口与生育法,以确保国家人口发展战略与公民生育自由的“互利双赢”,为公民个人的优先发展和社会的和谐进步提供强有力的制度保障。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Reproductive behavior" is social activities or relationships that qualified natural person who has some fertility and reproductive condition breeds and produces offspring and bears legal responsibility and the results. It is the reproduction of human procreation and the continuation of race. It has the natural attributes and social attributes,but Social attributes is the most essential."Reproductive behavior" is not only related to citizens’ overall development, but also affects the couple’s feelings, family happiness, prosperity and progress of the nation, and social development of the country.With further exploration of assisted reproductive technology development and the human genome project, great changes in human reproductive behavior have taken place:fertility concept from the simple "breed, raise children to provide against old age" to a higher level of "eugenics, happy life" development,reproductive subject development from "single body" to "multiple groups",reproductive mode from a single "natural growth" to "development in natural fertility mainly, supplemented by assisted reproduction; transforming growth type" from "duty" to "passive rights" initiative, to highlight the reproductive rights and freedom.these bring the huge challenge to China’s fertility behavior legal regulation mode, also provide a historic opportunity for development to the reproductive behaviour of the rule of law.In today’s society,it is a multicultural coexistence. Cultural diversity promotes the formation of a pluralistic society. The tolerant spirit of pluralistic society helps people tolerance "not in line with mainstream" of the reproductive behavior, booster of the reproductive behavior, diversity development, promote the realization of citizens’reproductive rights. But multiple births and a variety of fertility has a great impact to the existing order of marriage and family, marital ethics and the legal system. So the State must take necessary actions to control birth.This gave rise to contradictions and conflicts between "fertility control authority of the State" and "human reproductive freedom rights"."The public right and private right tension" is largest objective reality in the field of human fertility today,which urgently needs to be solved. In today’s pluralistic society era of Right of publicity and law prosperity, blindly to suppress or ignore citizens’ rights and reproductive freedom" demands inevitably lead to serious social problems. Experience of the world tells us:achieving growth in the field of rule of law is the best solution. By the rule of law, limiting state power and f private civil rights,clearing authority boundaries and scope can maximize national interests and civil rights to achieve a win-win.Thus, to ensure the smooth implementation of the reproductive behavior, individual citizens must be responsible for fertility, family force to avoid undue interference, national regulation and social pluralism moderate tolerance by law, in order to create a warm, harmonious, safe and legal reproductive atmosphere that can enhance the quality of the population and build a win-win platform.Science and technology is a double-edged sword. On one hand, artificial insemination, in vitriol-fertilization, surrogate, reproductive cloning and assisted reproductive techniques such as artificial contraception, abortion, abortion, sterilization and other birth control measures can give citizens the full realization of the rights and reproductive freedom as well as cause marriage, family and society brought about a series of ethical and legal issues. Accordingly, the country should develop appropriate national legal system timely to conduct and regulate, and citizen should be a rational choice, careful implementation, being "reproductive rational man. For unlawful infringement of citizens reproductive behavior, in addition to private relief citizens, the state, society should implement the national relief and social assistance to protect reproductive rights and freedoms of citizens legally entitled."There is no relief, no rights." For unlawful infringement of citizens’ reproductive behavior, in addition to citizens’self-help,State and society should give respectively State relief and social assistance to citizens according to the law, protecting the reproductive rights of citizens against unlawful practices.Because of the deficiency of reproductive system, China’s population and family planning law has been in lack of relief and regret. China should develop "reproductive behavior infringement lawsuit" system. Now state policy of family planning has not undergone a fundamental change, legislation must be based on the future trends of fertility in China’s national conditions.while respecting the reproductive rights of citizens, in order to fully protect the citizens’right to health and reproductive to self-determination,China should adhere to the "three-step" strategy, following a road bearing the rule of law with Chinese characteristics.This study is divided into nine parts.Part I:Introduction. Introduce the background, the theoretical basis and practical significance of this research; trace the current domestic and international academics on "reproductive behavior " to regulate the situation; describe the theoretical basis of the subject, research ideas and logical advance; Finally briefly show research methods and summarize theoretical research innovations.Part II:the theoretical basis of the rule of law in contemporary reproductive behavior. It mainly analyzes the theory origin of the rule of reproductive law, Including freedom justice theory of philosophy of law, human rights respect and guarantee theory, public rights and private rights coordination and unification theory, the theory of rational man, which lays out the solid theoretical foundation of fertility studies.Part III:Legal Perspective reproductive behavior. From the legal regulation perspective, Explore respective connotations and relationship of "reproductive " and "reproductive behavior"; follow evolution history of our primitive society traditional society and the modern era of social regulation Fertility, to seek human reproductive behavior regulation objective development law; finally discuss the historic changes in China today fertility facing the national, social, family and civic certain level of "concessions " to achieve the interests of coexistence "compromise " and promote national development, social progress, family harmony and formation of citizens’happy, harmonious development.Part Ⅳ:Implementation of the main reproductive behavior. Today’s Implementation emerge diverse trends. Perpetrators and implementers include traditional marital childbearing couples, still, men and women unmarried childbearing, as well as groups of extramarital birth again, more single women fertility aspirations, homosexuality, mental patients and criminals and their spouses. For the perpetrators above all, he should have what conditions; law and society must define this. Therefore, this section analyzes the meaning and conditions of fertility actors in the legal sense. Focus Analysis on single women, homosexuals, the mentally ill, criminals and their reproductive behavior regulation problems.Part V:Mode reproductive behavior choices. Today’s ways of human reproductive behavior, according to the presence or absence of gender participation in sexual intercourse can be divided into sexual and asexual reproductive fertility. Fertility can be divided into sex unmarried childbearing, fertility and three-wedlock births within marriage; asexual reproductive include: assisted reproductive technology in support of artificial insemination, IVF surrogacy and cloning. In so many ways in fertility, the key point of this study part is how today’s humans choose the ways, how the country guide and regulate, how citizens choose rationally.Part VI:Important legal analysis of reproductive behavior. Based on "whether to nurture a healthy, smart baby" as the standard, today’s human reproductive behavior can be divided into positive and negative behavior. The former gives birth to offspring as the fundamental purpose, to create conditions and strive to pregnancy, childbirth active; the latter avoids pregnancy and childbirth as a precondition, trying to contraception and even abortion or abortion or sterilization, in order to achieve freedom barren. This section, from the perspective of reproductive rights achieved, analyze legal issues related to natural fertility, artificial insemination, in vitriol fertilization, surrogate, contraception, abortion, sterilization, make recommendations to rationalize the regulationPart VII:basic protection of fertility behavior regulation. This part mainly from a theoretical perspective "compromise coupling " of public and private rights, respectively, from the perspective of civil, family, the state and society, the fundamental premises and basic conditions are:citizens responsibly give birth and families avoid undue interference, the state regulates moderately and tolerates social diversity, in order to reinforce the protection of basic regulation implementation.Part VIII:reproductive behavior violations and remedies. This part focuses on the constituent elements and types of fertility behavior violations, recommends judicial relief." no right without relief." there have been the possibility and reality that Reproductive behavior of citizens was violated by e from a spouse, family, community and national authorities, and if not relief, reproductive behavior will not be able to be implemented and their reproductive freedoms and rights can not be guaranteed. Not only does it affect the development of individual citizens and family happiness, in the long run but also it is affecting the country’s development and progress of society. Therefore, we must constrain timely on infringement or violations by adopting private relief and public relief of the country.Part Ⅸ:Conclusions and legislative proposals. Taking these studies, deduced the necessity and importance of civic legal regulation of reproductive behavior. And on this basis, it is recommended to "reproductive health rights" and "reproductive self-determination " as the core, from the perspective of reproductive rights realization, lay out "Population and Reproductive Law" suited to China’s national conditions, implement appeal law against the reproductive behavior to ensure the " win-win " strategy achievement of the country’s population and reproductive freedom of citizens, and provide a strong system of protection for the citizens of priority development and social harmony and progress.更多还原