湘西地区少数民族语言态度研究

【作者】 瞿继勇；

【导师】 杜敏；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2014， 博士

【摘要】 语言态度属于社会心理范畴,具有复杂性、内潜性、动态性和不稳定性。作为一种经由长期的历史过程所形成的深植于语言人心理底层的语言信念,语言态度也深刻影响着语言人的语言使用、语言能力、语言认同与民族认同,从而也直接关系着一种民族语言的活力与一个民族的命运。湘西地区作为一个多民族聚居区,语言资源丰富,语言接触频繁,语言变异复杂。随着当地社会经济的不断发展,各少数民族与汉族的交往日益密切,少数民族语言人的语言使用与语言态度也随之发生着剧烈的变化,并深刻影响着这些民族语言的命运。目前,土家语已经成为极度濒危的语言,而苗语、侗语、瑶语等几种少数民族语言的活力也出现不同程度的减弱。在语言濒危的历程中,语言人语言态度的转变是其中的一个重要因素。本研究通过问卷调查的方式,采用调查研究、访谈、比较等研究方法,探寻湘西地区少数民族语言人的语言态度,了解当地少数民族的语言能力与语言使用状况,探析不同民族间语言态度差异,找出影响当地少数民族语言人语言态度的关键因素,并据此提出提升语言态度的措施,探寻湘西地区少数民族语言保护机制和保护措施。全文共分七章。第一章简要介绍了研究的动机与目的、研究的对象与意义、研究的创新之处与研究方法,并对国内外语言态度研究状况进行了简要述评。第二、三、四、五章简要介绍了土家族、苗族、白族、侗族的人口与地域分布、族源与形成、语言特点,详细分析了这四个民族的语言态度、语言使用、语言认同状况及其成因。第六章对比分析了湘西地区土家族与苗族的语言态度差异,探讨了差异形成的民族心理动因、经济动因及语言文化动因。结语部分,总结了本课题的研究发现与结论。研究发现：苗族、侗族的母语态度偏积极正面,土家族母语态度偏消极负面,白族的语言态度偏积极正面；湘西地区少数民族对于母语亲和力的评价显著高于母语实用性评价；湘西地区少数民族语言态度是多种社会因素综合作用的结果,形成的原因比较复杂；语言态度三要素之间及其与整体态度之间具有密切的关联；湘西地区少数民族对普通话具有高度认同,双语、双言能力较强,语言能力差异主要产生于性别与年龄层；汉语方言已成为湘西地区各少数民族的主要交际用语,普通话在外部语域一些特定场合时有较高的使用率。根据研究发现,本文提出了湘西地区少数民族语言保护的构想,即重视语言态度的培育,提高少数民族学习、保护本族母语的积极性；明确责任主体,发挥政府、学校、家庭三方连动效应；追求经济社会发展与民族语言文化事业的共荣等。本研究的价值主要在于：第一,本研究是在国内首次对湘西地区几个较大少数民族的语言态度进行全面调查,为掌握语言省情、语言国情提供了较信实的材料；第二,本研究将语言态度调查与语言使用、语言能力、语言认同、民族认同等结合起来进行,有助于我们深入理解研究语言态度与语言行为的关系；第三,本研究将湘西自治州境内两大世居少数民族——土家族与苗族的语言态度进行深入比较,有助于人们进一步认识语言态度形成与语言濒危的动因；第四,本研究将濒危语言的保护与本地区少数民族文化产业、语言产业的开发结合起来,探寻濒危语言保护的长效机制与动能。总之,本研究不仅将对社会语言学、民族学等学科的深入研究具有重要的理论价值,而且对于湘西地区少数民族濒危语言的保护机制与措施的探寻、少数民族非物质文化遗产的保护与传承、当地民族教育的发展、当地语言政策的制定与湘西地区的社会经济的和谐发展都具有重要的现实意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Language attitude belongs to the social and psychological category. It is complex, latent, dynamic and unstable. Language attitude is a kind of language belief, and this belief was formed by the long-term historical process and deeply rooted into the psychological bottom of lingual people. Therefore, language attitude has a profound impact on the lingual people’s language use, language ability as well as language and national identity, which accordingly is directly related to the vitality of a national language and the destiny of a nation.As a multi ethnic region, Xiangxi (Western province of Hunan) has rich language resources, therefore, language contact among these languages is quite frequent and language variation is also very complex. With the continuous development of local society and economy, communication among minority and Han is increasingly close, and language use and language attitude of minority lingual people also will be undergoing dramatic changes, which deeply affect the fate of the national languages. According to the investigations, we know that Tujia language has become critically endangered languages, and language vitality of several other minority languages such as Miao, Dong and Yao also grew weaker in different degree. In a certain sense, the change of language attitude of lingual people is a very important factor that leads to language change. Based on the way of questionnaire survey and the method of investigation, interview and comparison, this paper researchs the language attitude of the lingual people in Xiangxi minority region, and understands their conditions of language ability and language use, and analysis the differences of language attitude among the diffent nationalities, and finds out the key factors affecting the language attitude of local minority lingual people. Finally, according to these studies, we put forward some measures that can improve language attitude and some mechanisms and measures that can protect minority language in Xiangxi region.The thesis consists of six chapters. The first chapter briefly introduces the motive and purpose of the research, object and significance of the research, innovation and methods of the research. In addition, this chapter also briefly reviews the research status about the domestic and foreign language attitude. The chapter2, the chapter3, the chapter4and the chapter5briefly introduce the population and geography distribution of Tujia, Bai, Miao, Dong, and the origin and formation of these nationalites as well as the language’s features of these nationalites. The four chapters detailedly analyze the status of language attitude, language use and language identity of the four nationalities, and we also detailedly analyze the causes of the formation of these conditions. The sixth chapter analyzes the differences of the language attitude between Tujia and Miao in Xiangxi region, and discusses the motivations of the formation of these differences in the psychological, economy, language and culture of nationality.The conclusion part summarized the research findings and conclusions of this topic. The study found that the mother tongue attitude of Miao and Dong is positive, and the mother tongue attitude of Tujia is negative, and the language attitude of Minjia-dialect of Bai and Mandarin is a positive; In Xiangxi region(West of Hunan province), the evaluation of mother tongue affinity was significantly higher than the evaluation of mother tongue practicalness in mother tongue attitude of minority; the language attitude of the minority in Xiangxi region is the result of the various social factors, the reasons of the formation is very complex; there are very close associations among the three elements of language attitude and between the three elements of language attitude and general attitude; the minority of Xiangxi region has a high degree of acceptance about Mandarin, they have a strong ability of bilingual and bidialect, and their difference of language ability mainly produced in the aspects of the gender and the age; the Chinese dialect has become the main language of social intercourse in the minority of Xiangxi region, Mandarin has a higher rate of use in some specific occasions when they are in the external register. According to the research in this paper, we put forward a conception of minority language protection in Xiangxi region(West of Hunan province).That is to say, we must pay more attention to the cultivation of language attitude, and must enhance the enthusiasm of learning and protecting the mother tongue, and make the main responsibility clear. The government, the school and the family must work together in order to better protect the native language; and it is our target that to pursuit the common prosperity in the aspects of the economic and social development as well as the national language and culture.The value of this study lies mainly in the following aspects.First, this study is an important measure to master the national and provincial conditions of language, bacasue it is the first in China to make a comprehensive investigation of language attitude of several large minorities in Xiangxi region. Second, combined with the language attitudes, language use, language ability, language and national identity, our survey can help people to have a deeper understanding in the relationship of language attitude and language behavior.Third, Based on deep comparison of the language attitude of two minorities, Tujia and Miao, in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, we can know further the motivations of the language attitude formation and the language endangerment.Fourth, through combining the protection of the endangered languages and the development of the local industries of ethnic culture and language, this study explores the long-term mechanism and power source for the protection of endangered languages.In a word, this study will not only be helpful for the deep study of social linguistics and ethnology in some important theories, but also have important and practical significance and value for the exploration of protection mechanisms and measures of the endangered languages, and for the protection and heritage of minority intangible cultural heritage, and for the development of the local ethnic education, and also for the formulation of local language policy, and for the harmonious development of local society and economy in Xiangxi region.更多还原