【作者】 孙克；

【导师】 任相宏；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 专门史， 2014， 博士

【副题名】以淄博鱼盘为例

【摘要】 2004年,我国正式加入联合国教科文组织《保护非物质文化遗产公约》。十年来,我国在非物质文化遗产(简称“非遗”)保护中取得了丰硕成果。然而,当前我国“非遗”保护依然存在诸多理论和实践问题亟待深入研究,特别是大量散落民间的“小传统”非物质文化遗产尚未引起足够重视,没有得到充分发掘、整理和保护。其中,我国最具代表性的传统手工技艺之一的民间陶瓷便是如此。中国陶瓷生产历史悠久,民间陶瓷作为陶瓷生产的主要组成,就地取材,匠心独运,种类丰富,兼具实用性与审美性。它们是劳动人民手工创造并为普通民众所使用的艺术品,体现了民众的伟大智慧,表达出人们对于美好生活的期盼。历史上,“大传统”的官窑瓷器经常见诸典籍,而“小传统”的民间陶瓷却鲜有记载或语焉不详。淄博陶瓷作为北方传统民间陶瓷的优秀代表,至今对其研究重视不够。正因如此,有学者提出,“在中国陶瓷史上,至今仍有两个空白,其中之一就是淄博窑”。本文从“非遗”保护和传承出发,以人类学理论方法为视角,充分发掘淄博传统民间陶瓷经典作品淄博鱼盘的历史发展、文化内涵与传承现状,探讨新形势下民间陶瓷类“非遗”活态保护的理论和实践问题。本文在人类学理论指导下对淄博鱼盘进行深入分析,第一次将淄博鱼盘放在中国陶瓷文化、中国鱼文化和齐鲁区域文化的人类文化发展视野,对其基本概况、发展历史、文化内涵、艺术特色、生态系统、遗产价值和发展现状等进行全面系统发掘和梳理。笔者认为,民间陶瓷类“非遗”独特个性和最大价值在于其民间性和活态性,作为活在民间的文化遗产,需要用活态保护的方式实现其传承发展,进而针对当前淄博鱼盘在内的民间陶瓷传承发展中出现的问题,探讨有效活态保护的具体路径。本文在理论层面做出以下探索：其一,在考察当前“非遗”研究基础上,明确提出人类学符合“非遗”保护的方针原则,能够而且应该为“非遗”保护提供理论基础和实践指导；其二,对淄博传统民间陶瓷代表作品淄博鱼盘进行深入发掘分析,将其放在人类文化发展视野,对淄博鱼盘界定与发展、起源与内涵、传统技艺与艺术特色、生态系统与遗产价值等进行系统阐释；其三、针对传统手工技艺独特个性,将“活态保护”应用于淄博民间陶瓷,针对性提出了具体实现路径；其四、开创性提出人文关怀是“非遗”活态保护的逻辑起点,田野调查是“非遗”活态保护的立足点,传承创新是“非遗”活态保护的活力之源,市场思维是“非遗”活态保护的现实应对的鲜明理论观点。从实践层面来看,本文也具有重要价值。当前,淄博市提出发展陶瓷文化产业,打造“当代国窑”的目标。陶瓷作为淄博重要城市名片,具有历史、文化、科学、艺术、经济等综合价值。然而,淄博陶瓷研究明显滞后,特别是对其中具有悠久历史的代表性作品的挖掘、整理仍处于起步阶段。与景德镇、佛山等其它陶瓷产区相比,淄博陶瓷历史发展和文化底蕴挖掘不够,成果少、层次低,不利于淄博传统陶瓷的保护和淄博陶瓷品牌的塑造。本文的研究对于淄博陶瓷特别是淄博传统民间陶瓷文化与技艺的传承、弘扬和保护无疑具有积极意义。本文各部分内容如下：绪论部分：提出本文的研究目的和主题,对论文写作背景和意义进行论述,回顾了前人相关研究成果,系统阐述了研究的基本内容、思路和方法,研究的重点、难点和创新点。第一章：系统介绍了人类学发展概况,以及文化整体观、文化相对观、文化普同观、文化适应观、文化整合观等学科观点和田野调查、“大传统”与“小传统”研究、跨文化比较、主／客位分析等研究方法,提出人类学理论与方法在“非遗”研究中具有优势,“非遗”研究是人类学应有之义,之后分析了民间陶瓷类“非遗”的特点以及对民间陶瓷进行本土化人类学研究的必要性。第二章：淄博陶瓷与淄博鱼盘概述。本章首先对淄博陶瓷的历史发展进行回顾,对其历史地位进行总结,对近现代以来淄博陶瓷生产繁荣期的主要陶瓷品种进行了分类介绍。进而指出淄博鱼盘是淄博传统陶瓷的经典作品,在对淄博鱼盘界定基础上,对传统鱼盘生产的窑炉和窑址进行了探讨,并结合历代鱼盘实物对其发展分期进行了分析。第三章：淄博鱼盘文化探源与文化内涵。本章追溯了淄博鱼盘起源的两个重要文化源头：中国陶瓷文化和中国鱼文化,对陶瓷文化发展、民窑与官窑、陶瓷造型装饰与文化表达,以及中国鱼文化发展演化、鱼文化与传统手工艺关系等进行了论述,指出陶瓷鱼盘是对这两种文化的融合、继承和发扬。然后对淄博鱼盘丰富的文化内涵,如对物质丰腴的期盼、对子孙繁衍的祈福、对幸福生活的祈盼、对美好生活的追求、对事业兴旺的向往等结合鱼盘实物进行阐释。第四章：淄博鱼盘传统技艺与艺术特色。本章首先对淄博鱼盘传统生产流程、传统绘画技艺进行了总结和梳理,充分展示了传统淄博鱼盘的独特生产工艺。在此基础上,根据历史上淄博鱼盘的不同形制和鱼纹绘画,将鱼盘进行了分类,分析了不同类别的淄博鱼盘的艺术特色,并将淄博鱼盘与景德镇等地所产鱼盘进行了比较分析。第五章：淄博鱼盘的生态系统与遗产价值。淄博鱼盘并非孤立存在的陶瓷文化现象,而是与当地自然和文化生态密切联系的产物。本章对淄博鱼盘产生和发展的生态系统进行分析,指出丰富的陶土、充足的燃料、充沛的水源、便捷的交通以及深远的齐文化、丰富的饮食文化、独特的鲁中习俗、繁荣的区域经济是淄博鱼盘产生发展的自然和文化基础。紧接着,从文化、历史、科学、艺术、经济等多个角度对淄博鱼盘的文化遗产价值进行了论述。第六章：淄博鱼盘的传承发展及其活态保护。本章首先对淄博鱼盘传承现状和发展中遇到的问题进行了系统总结,指出困境出现的原因是多方面的。随后,提出活态保护是陶瓷类“非遗”保护的重要方式,分析了“非遗”活态保护的原则。最后提出淄博鱼盘活态保护的具体路径：挖掘文化价值,营造氛围形成合力；借助陶瓷创新,实现鱼盘更新换代；顺应社会趋势,满足民众休闲需求；完善传承体系,建立生产性保护基地。余论部分：对人类学视角下“非遗”活态保护进一步做出理论思考,开创性提出人文关怀是“非遗”活态保护的逻辑起点,田野调查是“非遗”活态保护的立足点,传承创新是“非遗”活态保护的活力之源,市场思维是“非遗”活态保护的现实应对的鲜明理论观点。本文的主要创新点可以概括为以下几个方面：首先,在研究对象上,第一次对淄博传统民间陶瓷的代表作品一一淄博鱼盘进行系统学术研究,深刻挖掘淄博鱼盘的起源发展、文化内涵、传统技艺、艺术特色、生态系统、遗产价值和传承发展,弥补淄博民间陶瓷代表作品研究的学术空白。以淄博鱼盘为研究对象,其“新”并不在于淄博鱼盘是新生事物,恰恰相反,淄博鱼盘有着悠久历史,但对淄博鱼盘在内的淄博民间陶瓷技艺与文化研究却是鲜见的,因而本研究体现出新意。本文从大处着眼,小处着手,丰富了淄博陶瓷历史文化研究。其次,在研究视角上,在系统梳理人类学学科观点和研究方法基础上,创新性地将其融入“非遗”活态保护研究,开创性提出人文关怀是“非遗”活态保护的逻辑起点,田野调查是“非遗”活态保护的立足点,市场思维是“非遗”活态保护的现实应对,传承创新是“非遗”活态保护的活力之源,丰富了“非遗”保护的理论成果。再次,在研究方法上,综合运用人类学田野调查、“大传统”与“小传统”研究、跨文化比较、主/客位分析方法,结合文献资料法、历史分析法等,吸收各学科对“非遗”保护研究的优秀方法,实现研究的科学性和严谨性。文中和附录还充分展示了从文献查阅和调查研究中获得的几十个不同历史时期的淄博鱼盘实物图片,为其他专家学者研究淄博民间陶瓷和淄博鱼盘提供了丰富的实物资料。更多还原

【Abstract】 In2004, China joined UNESCO "International Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage".Ten years, our country has great achievements in the protection of intangible cultural heritage.However, China’s intangible cultural heritage protection still exist many theoretical and practical problems need to be further studied,especially a particularly large number of folk cultural heritage has not attracted enough attention.One of them is the most representative of the traditional craftsmanship--folk ceramics.We have a long history in ceramic production, Folk ceramics as a main composition of ceramic production, raw materials, quality, variety, both practical and aesthetic. They’re working people manually created and used by ordinary people art, embodies the great wisdom of the people, expresses the people hope for a better life. In history,"great tradition" imperial porcelain has often been recorded, and the folk ceramic "little tradition" are rarely recorded. Zibo ceramics as the outstanding representative of northern traditional folk ceramics, did not cause enough attention.This article embarks from the intangible cultural heritage protection and inheritance,,explore the history,cultural connotation and inheritance of Zibo fish plate in the perspective of anthropology theory.This is the first time to research Zibo fish plate from the history, cultural connotation, artistic features, ecological system, the value and the present situation. Folk ceramic character lies in its unique folk and living condition,need living protection way to achieve its development.This paper has the following theoretical value:First, the intangible cultural heritage research need anthropology theory instruction. Secondly, research on the Zibo fish plate definition and development, the origin and connotation, skills and characteristics, ecological system and value.Thirdly, put the living protection to the study of folk ceramic in Zibo.Fourthly, put forward the humanism is the logical starting point of intangible cultural heritage protection,fieldwork is the standpoint of intangible cultural heritage protection,inheriting and innovation is the source of vitality of material cultural heritage protection,market thinking is the reality of cultural heritage protection.This paper has practical value:At present, Zibo proposed the development of ceramic culture industry,but Zibo ceramic research obviously lag.Zibo ceramic history and culture mining is not enough, the research result is less.This paper for the Zibo ceramics especially Zibo traditional ceramic culture and art heritage, development and protection is of great significance.In this paper, the contents of each part are as follows:The introduction part:Presents the study purpose and theme, discusses the writing background and significance, reviews previous related research, introduced the basic content, the research ideas and methods, emphases, difficulties and innovations of the study.Chapter one:Introduces the development, theories and research methods of anthropology.put forward to the anthropological theory and method has an advantage in intangible cultural heritage study,the folk ceramics need for anthropological research.Chapter two:Overview of Zibo ceramics and Zibo fish plate.This chapter first reviews the history of the Zibo ceramics, summarize its historical status, introduce the main varieties of modern Zibo ceramics.Then discuss the kiln of traditional fish production,and analyze the development stages of Zibo fish plate.Chapter three:Zibo fish plate’s culture origin and cultural connotation.Back to the two important cultural source of Zibo fish plate origin:Chinese ceramic culture and China fish culture,points out the ceramic fish plate is inherit and carry forward of the two kind of culture,and then analyzed Zibo fish dishes rich cultural connotation.Chapter four:Zibo fish plate’s traditional skills and artistic characteristics.Firstly introduce the unique traditional production process of Zibo fish plate.On this basis, the Zibo fish dishes are classified, and introduces its artistic characteristics,compared with the Zibo fish plate and Jingdezhen fish plate..Chapter five:Zibo fish plate’s ecosystem and heritage value.This part Analyze the origin and development of the natural and cultural ecological system of Zibo fish plate,and then,discuss the value of Zibo fish plate from the perspective of culture, history, science, art, economy etc.Chapter six:The development and living protection of Zibo fish plate.Based on the inheritance dilemma of Zibo fish plate, the author put forward the importance of Living protection,analysis the path of Zibo fish plate living protection.Conclusion:The humanism is the logical starting point of intangible cultural heritage protection,fieldwork is the standpoint of intangible cultural heritage protection,inheriting and innovation is the source of vitality of material cultural heritage protection,market thinking is the reality of material cultural heritage protection.The main innovation of this paper can be summarized as follows:First of all, on the research object, it is the first system academic research to Zibo fish plate,Make up for the research blank of Zibo folk ceramic.Secondly, in the perspective of research, on the basis of anthropological theory and research methods, innovation to its integration into the intangible cultural heritage protection research.Thirdly, in the research methods, using the method of field investigation,"great tradition" and "small tradition" research method, cross cultural comparison method of anthropology,and fully demonstrate the Zibo fish plate pictures.更多还原