【作者】 方来；

【导师】 杨肃昌；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 区域经济学， 2014， 博士

【副题名】以临夏回族自治州为例

【摘要】 改革开放以来,临夏回族自治州的正规金融和民间金融发展迅速,极大地推动了该地区社会经济的发展。实践表明,债务合约履行机制的有效性是正规金融和民间金融发展的基础和核心。然而,在经济和金融体制改革不断深化的背景下,临夏回族自治州的正规金融和民间金融的履约情况却表现出较大差异。一方面,正规金融因为不良贷款率居高不下而举步维艰,不得不撤并县域金融机构和控制贷款规模,这弱化了正规金融对社会经济发展的支持功能。另一方面,在正规金融之外自发形成的由友情借贷、关联借贷等为主要形式和极具少数民族特色的民间金融尽管尚未取得合法地位,但具有日趋繁荣之势,制度效率较高,保持了较低的违约率,并日益成为民营经济的重要融资渠道。缺乏法律保护的民间金融为何具有较高的履约率?或是说民间金融具有什么样的履约机制?临夏回族自治州主要的少数民族文化(伊斯兰文化)对民间金融的履约机制是否会产生影响?何如产生影响以及产生了什么样的影响?显然,对上述问题的解答对临夏回族自治州和其他穆斯林地区经济发展过程中如何发展符合伊斯兰文化的民间金融,更好地解决资金供应不足,完善金融机构与组织等问题提供一种新的思路和方式,也为有效地贯彻政府对少数民族地区金融支持政策提供新的视角。首先,针对临夏回族自治州民间金融活动多元性和复杂性的现实,立足现有研究成果及相关理论,本文探索性地构建了伊斯兰文化视角下的民间金融研究综合理论分析框架,运用宗教社会学、社会资本理论、伊斯兰经济思想等相关理论,较为全面、系统地阐释了伊斯兰文化视角下民间金融兴起的逻辑、运行机制和影响因素。第二,基于伊斯兰文化视角,对临夏回族自治州的民间金融发展现状进行了深入剖析。结果表明,以“回藏贸易”为代表的具有少数民族特色的经济发展模式极大地促进了临夏回族自治州民间金融的发展；擅长经商的回族穆斯林不仅是商贸活动的主要参与群体,同时还是民间金融活动的主要参与群体,这使得临夏回族自治州的民间金融活动具有鲜明的伊斯兰文化特征；对比分析临夏回族自治州和温州民间金融的发展情况,研究发现地域文化和区域经济发展水平差异是民间金融存在发展差距的重要原因。第三,立足社会资本理论,从伊斯兰文化视角对穆斯林的社会资本结构和民间金融的履约机制进行了分析。结果表明,在伊斯兰文化影响下所形成的社会资本为穆斯林提供了一个共同的价值标准。穆斯林不仅将民间金融活动视为一种商业交易行为,而且还将其视为自己表达对宗教虔诚的一种方式,从而自发形成了一种由民间金融为主导的金融市场体系和融资契约有效执行的民间金融履约机制,通过融资双方的演进博弈、重复博弈和各种嵌入式的社会交往博弈提高了借款人的违约成本,增强了借款人的还贷积极性,进而有效地降低了民间金融活动的不确定性。第四,运用田野调查方法考察了伊斯兰文化影响下的社会资本对民间融资需求的影响,同时将总样本分为非穆斯林群体和穆斯林群体两组,分别使用Heckman二阶段模型进行了估计。结果表明,尽管社会资本对民间金融活动的影响显著,但这种影响在穆斯林群体和非穆斯林群体之间存在着显著差异。一方面,穆斯林群体的社会资本对民间融资的影响要强于非穆斯林群体,对民间金融的促进作用更加明显；另一方面,社会资本的社会网络维度对非穆斯林群体民间金融的影响作用更大,而社会资本的信任维度对穆斯林群体民间金融的影响作用更加明显。最后,以伊斯兰文化视角下的民间金融研究综合理论分析框架为指导,在全面把握临夏回族自治州民间金融发展形成机理的基础上,识别并分析了临夏回族自治州民间金融发展的影响因素,提出了民间金融发展应遵循的原则、路径选择和相关政策建议,可为有关部门的决策提供咨询和参考。与现有的研究成果相比,本文具有以下特点：首先,在观察视角上,试图将临夏回族自治州民间金融活动置于伊斯兰文化背景下,希望能够较为全面地观察临夏回族自治州民间金融活动的特点及发展规律；其次,在分析方法上,将宗教社会学、社会资本理论、伊斯兰经济思想等相关理论引入到民间金融的信贷约束分析中,从理论和实证两个角度分析了伊斯兰文化对穆斯林民间金融活动的影响；最后,在研究结论上,针对伊斯兰经济思想和穆斯林民间金融活动中的善贷理念,提出了临夏回族自治州民间金融发展的路径选择和政策建议。值得强调的是,伊斯兰文化是穆斯林地区主要的少数民族文化,在共同宗教文化的背景下使得本文的研究结论对其他穆斯林地区的民间金融问题研究也具有一定的适用性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since reform and opening-up, both the public and private finance in Muslim areas have developed rapidly, thus it has greatly promoted the regional economic and social development. Practice shows that the effectiveness of the mechanisms to fulfill contractual obligations is the foundation and core of public finance and private finance development. However, under the background that the economic and financial system continued to deepen, the compliance of public and private finance in Muslim areas (such as the Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture) has shown a big difference. On the one hand, because of its high rates of non-performing loans, public financial institutions have to merge its county originations and control the size of loans, which weakens its support for socio-economic development. On the other hand, though the private finances, which are spontaneously developed by the friendship association and have distinctive minority characters, have not yet obtained legal status, they have a booming trend because of its higher system efficiency, a low default rate. It is increasingly becoming an important financing channel for the private economy. Why the private finance which lacks of legal protection has a high compliance rate? Or What kind of ompliance mechanisms does private finance have? What influence do the main Muslim minority cultures (Islamic culture) have on the performance of private finance mechanisms? Obviously, the answers to the above questions can provide new ideas and methods for the issue that how economic development in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture and other Muslim areas are in line with the folk culture of Islamic finance, how to address the shortage of funding Muslim areas in a better way and improve organizations. Also it can give a new perspective on how to effectively implement the government financial support policies for the minority areas.First, based on the diversity and complexity of private financial activities for Muslim and the existing research results and relevant theories, this dissertation explores a comprehensive theoretical framework of civil financial research perspective of Islamic culture with the use of religious sociology, social capital theory, the Islamic economic thought and modern Islamic finance movement and other related theories to comprehensively and systematically interpret Islamic culture under the perspective of the rise of private financial logic, operation mechanism and affecting factors.Second, based on the Islamic cultural perspective, it conducts an in-depth analysis of the status of development of private finance in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture. The results show that the representative model of economic development with national characteristics, such as the trade between the people of Hui and Zang, greatly promotes the development of private finance in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, the Hui Muslim, who specialize in business, are not only the dominant participants of commercial activitie but also the main groups in private financial activities, which endows private financial activities in the Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture with distinctive Islam characteristics. Also, it does a comparative analysis of developments in the Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture and Wenzhou private finance, which found that the level of cultural and regional differences in the development of private finance is an important reason for development gap.Third, based on the theory of social capital, the dissertation analyzes the capital structure and the compliance mechanism of Muslim community private finance from a perspective of Islamic culture. The results showed that social capital which developed under the influence of Islamic culture provides a common Muslim value. Muslims not only regard it as a private financial activity, but also a way to express their religious piety. So the financial markets, dominated by private financial system, and a private financial compliance mechanism, specializing in effective implementation of the financing contract, have formed. Through the game of both financing parties, repeated game and a variety of embedded social interaction increase default costs of the borrowers enhance the initiative for the borrowers repay and effectively reduce the uncertainty of private financial activities.Fourth, by way of fieldwork and Heckman two-stage model, the dissertation analyzes the impact of social capital demand for private financing. The results show that, in spite of its obvious impact of social capital on the private financial activities, there are significant differences in the effect between the Muslim community and the non-Muslim communities. On the one hand, the impact of social capital on the private financing in Muslim community is stronger than in the non-Muslim communities, so the promotion for the development of private finance is more obvious; on the other hand, the social network dimension of social capital has a greater influence on the private finance among non-Muslim population while the trust dimension of social capital has a bigger influence on the private finance in Muslim community.Finally, under the guide of a comprehensive theoretical framework for private financial research from a Islamic cultural perspective, the dissertation tries to get a comprehensive picture of the status quo and causes of private finance in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, analyzes the factors affecting the development of private finance in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, proposes the recommended development principles and path and makes specific policy recommendations,which aims to provide consulting, intelligence support and reference for the relevant decisions.Compared with the existing research results, this dissertation has the following characteristics:First, for the viewing angle, it tries to interpret private financial activities in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture under Islamic cultural background, hoping to observe the characteristics of private financial markets and development law in a more comprehensive way in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture; Secondly, for the methodology, it introduces the sociology of religion, social capital theory, the Islamic economic thought and modern Islamic finance movement and other related theory into the analysis of credit constraints from both theoretical and empirical point of view of Islamic culture private financial activities of Muslim influence mechanism; Finally, as for its conclusion, based on Islam and Muslims in economic thinking of the good folk of financial activities in the loan idea, it puts forward the development path private finance in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture. It is worth emphasizing that the Islamic culture is the main Muslim minority culture, so it has some applicability for its conclusion to be adapted on the financial problems of other Muslim folk in the common religious and cultural background.更多还原