【作者】 张枫林；

【导师】 乔清举；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 中国哲学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 孙奇逢,字启泰,号钟元,又号岁寒老人,是明末清初著名理学家之一,先后被明清两朝征聘11次,但都坚拒不出,故又被世人尊称为孙征君。孙奇逢在清代学术史上具有重要地位：他是明代理学的总结者之一,又是清代学术的开启者之一,更是清代汉学的倡导与推进者之一。他品行高洁,心存故国,一生耕读讲学,大河南北学者多受其影响,被当时学者视为学术泰斗,被梁启超称为北学重镇,在当时与关中李颙、浙东黄宗羲并称为清初三大儒。孙奇逢理学建构的态度是超越门户之见,建构的方法是“合会”,他通过融会传统社会不同思想家的思想,特别是朱熹与王阳明的理学思想,以孔子之道为准绳,参照易经哲学概念和辩证思维,从儒家传统经典中吸收养分,最终形成了蔚为大观的理学思想体系。孙奇逢理学建构的核心概念是“天”,在此基础上形成了天理论和宇宙论。他继承了传统理学家的理气说,认为天地有气有理,天理是天内在的运行规律,是气的主宰；他将“天”、“天理”、“太极”、“天命”、“天性”等进行整合并诠释,提出太极有阴阳,阴阳之理决定气的动静,按照天命运行,形成万物；万物秉承天理,一本万殊,为人的普遍性和特殊性提供可能。人作为理气的综合体,内含天理,所以人是天地之心,天理就蕴含于人心中,这表现为“性”；性的特质是“诚”,这特质未发为中,发为情,扩而为才,发而未发之际为几,几是心之动,始发处是善,这是天地之性,理气结合则为气质之性,表现为善恶不离的状态；天地运动的整个过程因玄妙难以描绘,因此称之为“神”,而整个过程即是“道”。人心中的天地之性即是人的良知,良知可以被认知,儒生通过对天地之性的认知得以自我的实现,其终极理想人格为圣人,圣人是天人合一的体现,是社会教化的开端。他继承传统理学家“圣人可学而至”的理论,认为圣人以体认天理为要,所以他提出“体认天理”是“天下第一等事”,“知学”是“人生最吃紧者”。孙奇逢认识论建构的可能来自于“虚灵之心”,其认识论建构的基础是“立乎其大”,模式是“下学上达”,方法是“读有字书,识无字理”态度是“随时随地体认天理”。孙奇逢工夫论分为三部分,分别为处事之道、处人之道和处己之道。三种工夫中,处己之道是核心,是处事之道和处人之道的前提,他继承传统的慎独说,主张在意念生发处戒慎恐惧,在已发后“主敬”收放心,目标是实现本体与工夫的统一,从而达到“静”的状态。孙奇逢结合现实境遇,形成了独特的心性论、价值观、生死观等。他隐逸不仕,教授终身,弟子众多,形成了影响整个清代的夏峰学派。更多还原

【Abstract】 Sun Qifeng, whose courtesy name was Qitai, and Pseudonym Zhongyuan or Suihan Old Man, was one of the most famous philosophers in the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty. He had been invited11times to work for the Ming and Qing governments, but he refused. Therefore he was known as Sun Zhengjun (Master of Being Invited). Sun Qifeng is a key figure in the history of the Qing Dynasty’s academic history. He is one of the summarists of the Neo-Confucianism of the Ming Dynasty, one of the initiators of the academic studies of the Qing Dynasty, and also one of the advocates of the Han school of classical philology throughout the Qing Dynasty. Noble and patriotic, he set an example for his contemporaries. He spent all his life in studying and teaching. While he lived in the central plains of China, his influence had reached both south and north banks of the Yellow River. Liang Qichao, a prominent figure in the late Qing Dynasty, considered him the key figure of the Northern Neo-Confucianism. Given his contributions, Sun Qifeng, together with Li Yong from Shaanxi and Huang Zongxi from eastern Zhejiang, was known as the three Confucians in the early Qing Dynasty.Having overcoming the sectarian bias, Sun applied a integrative methodology to construct his theory of Neo-Confucianism. Incorporating thoughts of different schools in tradition, especially the ideas proposed by Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming, he eventually put forward his splendid system of Neo-Confucianism by following the principles made by Confucius, and consulting the philosophical concept in Yijing (The Book of Changes). The basis of Sun’s Neo-Confucianism is Heaven, and Heavenly principles are the essence of his theory. He has inherited the traditional theories of Principles and Qi, holding that in the world there are dynamic original material forces as well as principles. Principles, which govern the original forces, are the operating laws of Heaven. He has incorporated such concepts like "Heaven","Heavenly Principles","Taiji","Fatality" and "Heaven Nature" and proposed that Heavenly principles are the Supreme Ultimate, which consists of Yin and Yang. The principles of Yin and Yang determine the state of the original forces, which operate in accordance with Heavenly wills, thus forming all things. Abiding by Heavenly principles, all things are particular, but have the same origin. Human, as a complex, is a smaller world constituting with both original material forces and principles. Therefore, human is the heart of the world. Heavenly principles are contained in the heart of human. This is called the nature. The essence of nature is sincerity. It is shown to be medium when it does not happen, affection when it happens, intelligence when it broadens, and ji when it is between not happening and happening. Ji means the state of being affected. Its beginning is good, and the nature of the world, if combining with the original forces, will be demonstrated as good-evil mixture represented by the nature of the original forces. The whole moving process of the world is so mysterious. Not being able to ascertain or generalize it, Sun called it God. The nature of the world in human mind is his conscience, which can be cognized through the spirit of human mind. The ability in the world of human mind is human instinct. The whole system of this theory is called Dao (way).The bom nature of humans is their conscience which can be perceived. The Confucian scholars have realized their "self-achievement" by perceiving the principles of the heaven and earth. Their ultimate goal is to becoming sages who have the ideal personality we pursue and can unify Heaven and human, thus being able to conduct social enlightenment. Sun considered that, through learning, a common person can become a sage. According to Sun, pursuit of the Dao had been the ultimate goal of human. He believed that "experiencing Heavenly principles" is the "most important matter in the world", and treated "knowing Confucianism" as "the most urgent in human life". He proposed to experience Heavenly principles through spirit of human mind anywhere at any time. The foundation of. his epistemology is "to set up bigger goals", his model "the studies of men below arc felt on high", and his method "to understand the principles that cannot expressed by words through reading books with words". Sun’s opinions on culture can be divided into three part, i.e., of matters, of people, and of selfhood. Self-culture is especially important, which is based on self-supervision. Humans should be careful and resistant to tempt. Once you have the thought, you must be always "respectful" and attentive. Through unifying selfhood and culture, a person thereby can achieve the state of tranquility.Combining the situation in reality, he brought forth a unique theory on inwardness, values and view of life and death. He retreated from politics, lived as a hermit, and taught many students in his life. He was the father of Xiafeng School which influenced the whole Qing Dynasty.更多还原