【作者】 宋海英；

【导师】 张庆荣；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁中医药大学 ， 中医基础理论， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 目的随着经济全球化的发展，中医药也被越来越多的国家和人民认可。中医药术语英文翻译已成为中医药走向世界的一个不可替代的桥梁。为了加强学术交流、促进中医药的国际传播，中医药术语英文翻译标准制定的工作成为中医药现代化、国际化发展工作中一个关键的环节。我国政府相关机构和世界卫生组织从不同时期都已经开展了中医药术语英文翻译标准化工作，目前已经发布和出版了5部标准。通过对这些标准中的中医病因学术语英译文运用语言学、术语学、翻译学等方法进行对比研究，逐条分析、对比，并参考相关文献，进而归纳、整理出中医病因学术语英文翻译的原则和方法；最后确立我们认为相对合理的这些基本术语的英译文。通过对5部标准的对比研究，总结当前中医术语英文翻译活动存在的一些问题及其形成原因；为中医术语英译的研究、标准修订以及标准化工程提供一定的参考。对象与方法本研究的对象是根据《中华人民共和国国家标准·中医基础理论术语GB/T20348－2006》中医病因学部分的基本术语117条。术语英译文选择的范围是在目前国内外中医术语英译标准化研究成果中涉及中医病因学术语的五部标准：《中华人民共和国国家标准中医基础理论术语GB/T20348－2006》（标准①）、《中医药常用名词术语英译》（标准②）、《中医药学名词》（标准③）、《中医基本名词术语中英对照国际标准》（标准④）、《WHO西太区传统医学国际标准名词术语》（标准⑤）。把这五个标准中的病因学术语英译文一致率分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级，进行统计分析。重点讨论的是Ⅲ、Ⅳ级术语的英译文，即“术语英译文部分一致”和“术语英译文不一致”。确定病因学术语的中文意义，主要根据上述标准《中华人民共和国国家标准中医基础理论术语GB/T20348－2006》（标准①）和《中医药学名词》（标准③）中的定义，部分术语在标准③中未见释义的，参考中医普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材《中医基础理论》教材（李德新．北京：人民卫生出版社，2001；孙广仁．北京：中国中医药出版社，2003），以及《中医药常用名词术语辞典》（李振吉．中国中医药出版社，2001），至少选择2种中文释义，对病因术语的中文释义进行分析判断，从而确定、统一术语的中文释义。本研究重点是中医基础理论病因学术语英译文的研究：对每一个术语在5部标准的不同的英译文进行研究和比较，从翻译原则、翻译方法，并结合医学技术层面的意义进行分析。根据中文术语的内在涵义，分析、比较各个标准中不同英译文的优缺点，从中选出或另给出新的比较合理的英译文。英文释义主要参考www.websters-online-dictionary.org/；美国传统辞典，网络版金山词霸2003；英文医学词汇意义主要参考W．B．Saunders Company．Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary，29thedition．Forum，Singapore Harcourt Asia Pte Ltd．2001；其他词汇意义主要参考Wikipedia.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/等英文网站提供的资料。结果本研究首先对术语、术语标准化，中医术语标准化；中医药术语英译的原则和方法等中医药名词术语英文翻译理论进行了复习、总结和概述。在此基础上，主要从下面几个方面对中医病因学基本术语英译标准进行对比研究。1.五个标准中病因学基本术语英译文一致性的研究本研究中的病因学基名词术语117条，其中英译文I级一致率的术语有4条，占研究总数的3.4%。II级一致率的术语共20条，占研究总数的17.1%。III级一致率的术语共26条，占研究总数的22.2%。IV级一致率的术语共67条，占研究总数的57.3%。东西方医学产生的背景、发展的历程以及研究的方式均不相同，将中医术语翻译成英文具有一定难度，更由于译者等多因素存在，同一术语会有着多种英译文出现。从上述统计结果可以看出，IV级一致率（各标准英译文不一致）的术语所占比例最高，更加能够说明术语英译存在着多样性。2.病因学基本术语英译文标准的对比研究由于5部标准中术语英译文I级、II级一致率的术语英译文因大部分标准都采用，故作简单讨论。III级、IV级一致率的术语较多，英文各不相同，所以重点讨论。英译文I级一致率的4条术语中，有3条术语中文定义无歧义，5部标准中英译文一致，所以采用了原标准的英译文，分别是“阳邪”、“阴邪”、“痰”。其中“风燥（wind-dryness pathogen）”是在原英译文的基础上加以改变的。英译文II级一致率的20条术语中，有16条采用原标准英译文；其中有5条我们研究的结果没有采用原标准中一致率最高的英译文，而是应用了一致率低的英译文。如“病因、外感、六淫、瘴气、瘀血“，应用直译和借用英语中相应的西医名词方法。有4条术语是在原标准英译文基础上加以改变的。分别是“风寒（wind-cold pathogen）”，“风热（wind-heat pathogen”，“风湿（wind-damp pathogen）”，“饮（stagnant fluid）”.英译文III级一致率的26条术语中，遵照一致率统计级别，完全采用原标准英译文的有21条，而有6条没有采用原标准中一致率最高的英译文，而是应用了一致率低的英译文。分别是“三因学说（theory of three categories of disease cause）”，“内因（endogenous cause）”，“外因（exogenous cause）”，“不内外因（non-endo-exogenouscause）”，“实邪（excessive pathogen）”，“七伤（seven injuries）”.属于在原标准英译文基础上加以改变的有5条术语，分别是“正邪（vital qi）”，“湿阻气机（damp pathogenhampering qi movement）”，“痰饮（phlegm and stagnant fluid）”，“湿邪（damp pathogen）”,“湿家（patient with damp）”.本研究遵循了科学性原则、同一性原则等，采用了直译、意译等方法。英译文IV级一致率的有67条术语。这个级别的英译文基本上是各个标准不相同或是缺失的，所以从中筛选、分析、比较，选择，最后完全采用原标准英译文的有30条。其余37条为自创英译文，其中32条是在原译文上加以改变的，5条是完全自创的，分别是：“饮食失宜（dietary intemperance）”,“饮食不洁（dietary unsanitary）”,“饮食偏嗜（dietary partiality）”,“过逸（over-ease）”,“虚邪（deficiency pathogen）”.主要是从语义角度上，重新选择一个恰当的词汇。对于占大多数的四字结构术语，采用的不同翻译方法和原则。一是应用“名词+动名词+名词”结构的复合短语。二是则采用意译的翻译方法，英译文不与原文一一对应，用解释性的语言来翻译术语。结论1.中医术语英译应当遵循以下原则：A.科学性原则；B.客观性原则；C.约定俗成原则；D.实用性原则；E.同一性原则。2.中医术语英文翻译中，①直译是目前中医术语翻译中常用的也是最主要的方法。②适量运用音译来表达难于解释的术语。③意译能更好的保持原文的基本意思和总体风格。3.本研究中医病因学117条基本术语的五个标准英译文I级一致率的术语有4条，占总数的3.4%；II级一致率的术语共20条，占总数的17.1%；III级一致率的术语共26条，占总数的22.2%.；IV级一致率的术语术语共67条，占总数的57.3%。4.本研究通过对比、分析、讨论，最终确定了5部标准病因学117条术语的英译文。其中，完全采用原标准英译文70条；在原标准英译文基础上加以改变的有42条；属于完全自创的有5条。本研究结果为中医病因学基本术语英文翻译研究提供一定的基础；同时也为各个中医药术语英文翻译标准进一步修订提供有意义的参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 PurposeWith the development of economic globalization， Traditional Chinese Medicine(hereinafter referred to as TCM) has been already accepted by more and more countries.English translation of terminology in TCM has become an irreplaceable bridge linking Chinaand world for TCM. To strengthen academic information exchange， promotingcommunication on TCM，the work to establish standard of English translation of terminologyin TCM is a key link for the development of modernization，internationalization in TCM.There have been5standards published by organizations in China and the World HealthOrganization during the different periods on terminology standard of English translation ofTCM. This Study comparatively analyzed English translation of etiology terminology in5Terminology Standards of TCM by linguistics，terminology and translatology，summing upprinciples on English translation of etiology terminology and method，and putting forwardproper English translation about etiology terminology. This study comparatively analyzed5Terminology Standards of TCM and thus summarized the problems and causes，whichprovides reference for studying and revising standards of English translation of terminologyin TCM.Subjects and MethodsWe select117entries of terminology about etiology in the5Terminology Standards ofTraditional Chinese Medicine：The Republic National Standard Terms of The Basic Theory ofTCM (GB/T20348—2006)(Standard①)， English Translation of Common Terms inTraditional Chinese Medicine (Standard②)，Chinese Terms in Traditional Chinese Medicineand Pharmacy (Standard③)，International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature ofChinese Medicine (Standard④)，WHO International Standard Terminologies on TraditionalMedicine in the Western Pacific Region2007(Standard⑤). English translation of these117entries of terminology about etiology were classified into four levels (I，II，III，IV)，or fourconcordance rates，which goes from full agreement in5standards to complete inconsistency. The level III and IV translations of terminology were the essential part of our study.Chinese concept of terminology respectively refer to The Republic National StandardTerms of the Basic Theory of TCM (GB/T20348—2006) and Chinese Terms in TraditionalChinese Medicine and Pharmacy. This thesis emphasizes on contrast research of Englishtranslation of etiology terminology in TCM by analyzing English translation principles andmethods in5standards. Concepts of English vocabulary refer to:www.websters-online-dictionary.org/；English medical vocabulary refer to：W．B．SaundersCompany．Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary，29th edition．Forum，Singapore HarcourtAsia Pte Ltd．2001, and other websites such as Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/etc.ResultsThis research reviewed the concepts of terminology，standardization of terminology，standardization of terminology in TCM，and outlined the principles and methods of Englishtranslation of terminology in TCM. Based on this，the author comparatively studied theterminology standard on etiology in TCM with the following respects.1. Consistence of English translation on etiology terminology in TCM in all the fivestandardsAmong117entries of etiology terminology in TCM，there are4entries with level Iwhich account for3.4%of the whole；20entries with level II which account for17.1%of thewhole；26entries with level III which account for22.2%of the whole；67entries with levelIV which account for57.3%of the whole. There are multiple translations for one terminologybecause of the authors with different ideas about TCM terminology and differences betweenTCM and west medicine.2. Comparative study of terminology standard on etiology in TCMWe discuss briefly level I，II English translation terms，and mainly discuss level III，IVEnglish translation terms in all the five standards.Among the4entries with consistence level I，there are3entries selected from originalEnglish translation in the5standards，and1entry created in this study as a new Englishtranslation “wind-dryness pathogen” based on the original English translation.Among the20entries with consistence level II，there are16entries selected fromoriginal English translation in the5standards. There are4entries created in this study as a new English translation based on the original English translation. They are wind-coldpathogen，wind-heat pathogen，wind-damp pathogen，stagnant fluid.Among the26entries with consistence level III，there are21entries selected fromoriginal English translation in the5standards. There are5entries created by us as a newEnglish translation based on the original English translation. They are vital qi，damp pathogenhampering qi movement，phlegm and stagnant fluid，damp pathogen，patient with damp.Among the67entries with consistence level IV, there are30terms selected from originalEnglish translation in the5standards. There are32terms created by us as a new Englishtranslation based on the original English translation，5entries are completely created in thisstudy by ourselves，they are dietary intemperance，dietary unsanitary，dietary partiality，over-ease，deficiency pathogen.Conclusion1. It is necessary that one should obey the principles of scientificity，arbitrariness，practicality，indentity，objectivity on English translation of terminology.2. Literal translation is the main approach used on English translation of terminology. It isappropriate to use transliteration for the TCM terminology which is puzzled. Free translationmay be keep the exact meaning and overall style of TCM terminology.3. There were117entries of terminology and their derived terms brought in the study, ofwhich4are reached to level I and account for about3.4%of all the terms，20are reached tolevel II and account for about17.1%，26are reached to level III and account for about22.2%，67are reached to level IV and account for about57.3%.4. This study confirmed117entries of English translation of etiology terminology. There are70terms selected from original English translation in the5standards，47entries ofterminology suggested to be used as a new English translation，including5created completelyby ourselves in this study.The results of this study will benefit the English translation of TCM terminology，whichalso provides reference for revision on English translation standard of terminology in TCM.更多还原