【作者】 李胜利；

【导师】 漆多俊；

【作者基本信息】 中南大学 ， 经济法学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 作为规范市场竞争的基本法律,反托拉斯法或反垄断法、竞争法在西方成熟市场经济国家有着“自由企业大宪章”、“经济宪法”等称谓,可见其对于市场经济体制的意义以及在整个法律体系中的重要性。1890年《谢尔曼法》的出台具有十分重要的意义。该法不仅仅是许多学者眼中现代经济法产生的重要标志,以其为基础发展起来的美国联邦反托拉斯法也是目前全球一百多部竞争法或反垄断法的共同“祖先”,迄今为止仍是全世界范围内体系最为严密、执法经验最为丰富、理论最为发达的一部竞争法。其120多年的发展历程为其他国家或者地区提供了极为丰富而宝贵的竞争法制经验。“以史为鉴,可以知兴衰”。对于他国法制历史经验的研究同样有助于对本国问题的思考。特别是在经济领域的法律政策方面,由于意识形态涉及较少,可资借鉴之处会更多一些。因此,对美国联邦反托拉斯法历史经验的总结不仅具有重要的理论价值,也对我国《反垄断法》的完善和实践有着直接的、重要的应用价值。美国联邦反托拉斯法的产生有着深刻的历史背景,与其所处时代和美国的政治、法律传统密不可分。1890年《谢尔曼法》出台后,基于对其实施状况的不满,就有了1914年《克莱顿法》和《联邦贸易委员会法》。这三部国会立法奠定了联邦反托拉斯法的基本框架,此后主导制度演化的主角则变成了联邦法院、特别是联邦最高法院。在其百年历史中逐渐发展出当代各国竞争法普遍采用的各项制度及理论,并伴随着政治经济社会变迁和理论发展而发生周期性的宽严变化。在其历史演进中,也逐渐形成了联邦反托拉斯法在美国社会的独特地位,包括理念上与宪法相类比、一直处于国家经济政策的核心地位、以及发达的竞争文化体现出的美国社会的普遍认同；在其历史发展中,经济学界也从一开始的漠不关心到逐渐参与其中,发展到今天经济学获得了美国联邦执法机构和学者所普遍承认的中心地位,为联邦反托拉斯法更好地适用提供了有力的支持；该法具有良好的实施机制,拥有强有力的联邦执法机构,独特的三倍损害赔偿和私人执行制度,联邦法院也通过富有弹性的判断标准塑造了该法如今的面貌。美国联邦反托拉斯法的上述特点或者说经验对其他国家或者地区影响极大,为所有的后来者提供了宝贵的制度和理论经验,其竞争政策在国家经济政策中的重要地位、对于效率的强调、经济学思想及工具的引入、私人执行以及其他大量实施方法的创造及应用,均有着世界性的影响。中国《反垄断法》立法和实施已经有过借鉴,未来也应更多地关注美国联邦反托拉斯法的百年历史经验。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the basic law regulating competition in the market, antitrust law or anti-monopoly law, competition law in the western mature market economy countries has the crown of "Magna Carta of free enterprise","economic constitution" and other titles. It shows its significance to the market economic system as well as in the whole the importance of the legal system. The Sherman Act, introduced in1890has a very important significance. The law is not only an important symbol of modern economic law’s emergence in the eyes of many scholars, its development based the U.S. federal antitrust law which based on The Sherman Act is the common "ancestor" of more than100global competition law or antitrust today. And from then on the U.S. federal antitrust law still has the most stringent system, the most experienced law enforcement and the most developed theory in the world. Its120years of development for other countries or regions provides a very rich and valuable competition legal experience."Taking history as a mirror, can know rise and decline". Research on the historical experience of his country’s legal system also contributes to the thinking of our own problems. Especially in the economic sphere of legal policy, because ideology involving less, reference places will be more. Therefore, the summary of the historical experience of the U.S. federal antitrust law not only has an important theoretical value, improve and practice of China’s "anti-monopoly law," it also has a direct and important value to the improvement and practice of China’s anti-monopoly law.The generation of the U.S. federal antitrust law has the profound historical background, and the age and American political, legal tradition are inseparable. After the introduction of the1890Sherman Act, based on their dissatisfaction with the status of implementation, the1914Clayton Act and Federal Trade Commission Act were enacted. The three Congressional legislations laid the basic framework of the federal antitrust laws. Then the leading roles of promoting system evolution became the federal courts, especially the Supreme Court. In the next hundred years, it has gradually developed various systems and theories which generally accepted by the contemporary competition laws, and along with the political, economic and social change and theoretical development it has had cyclical changes between the tolerance and severe to business. In its historical evolution, the federal antitrust law has gradually gained a unique status in American society, including the concept analogy with the Constitution, the core position of the national economic policy, as well as a strong culture of competition which reflected the universal sense of identity in American society. In its historical development, economic circles also changed from the beginning of the indifference to gradually involved. And now the economics is widely accepted by the federal law enforcement agencies and scholars as the key role in the federal antitrust law, and provides its more effective enforcement with a strong support. The law also has good implementation mechanism. There are strong federal law enforcement agencies, the unique treble damages system and private enforcement regime. The federal courts have also through the elastic criteria shaped the law’s now appearance. The above characteristics or experiences of the U.S. federal antitrust law have a great impact on other countries or regions, and provide valuable institutional and theoretical experience for all the latecomers. The important position in the country’s economic policy of its competition policy, the emphasis for efficiency economic thought and tools, the creation of private enforcement and other implementation methods and applications, have a worldwide impact. China’s anti-monopoly law legislation and implementation have already learned from the American experience, and in the future should be more concerned about the centuries-old experience of the U.S. federal antitrust laws.更多还原