【作者】 庄恒恺；

【导师】 汪毅夫；

【作者基本信息】 福建师范大学 ， 专门史， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 祠神信仰是民间信仰的核心内容,是一种以祠神为中心、有固定的场所(祠庙)和相对稳定的信众,仪式和活动与日常生活紧密联系的非制度化的全民信仰。它具有“崇德”与“报功”的双翼结构。福建祠神信仰具有悠久历史,至今仍是闽台两地民众现实生活的重要部分。本文较为全面地梳理了方志等地方文献中关于祠神信仰的记载,特别注意使用笔记小说、传教士回忆录、竹枝词等边缘史料；综合运用历史学、宗教学、民俗学、人类学等学科理论和方法,分章论述了：福建祠神信仰的产生；巫觋、巫术与祠神信仰；厉鬼瘟神信仰的双重维度；特定人群的祠神信仰活动；祠神信仰与社会控制。在行文中,重点考察了祠神信仰与民众生活和社会控制的关系,并且将渊源与流变、普遍现象与个案研究有机统一,力求在多维视野中探寻祠神信仰的真实图景。文章认为：一、福建祠神信仰的产生,既有自然和社会因素,又与其移民社会特征密切相关。在晚唐至宋的造神高潮中,外来祠神完成了本土化,本地祠神则具有世俗化的特点。二、巫觋与巫术在福建民众生活中长期处于重要地位。许多祠神、特别是女神,都由巫升转而来。在由巫至神的过程中,灵验传说与美德故事起到了重要作用。祠神信仰因其世俗化的特点,而与民众生活紧密联系。三、厉鬼瘟神信仰,是福建祠神信仰中与傩文化相关的特殊形态。福建民众对待厉鬼、孤魂的态度,经历了由仇到亲、由威到恩的变化,具有双重维度。以瘟神五帝信仰为中心的“出海”,其实质是一种驱逐瘟疫的傩祭。与普度类似,出海等迎神赛会也具有娱乐和经济功能。四、祠神信仰具有随意随俗的特点,主要表现在特定人群的崇拜对象和信仰行为往往是功利化的,但在有关祠神的灵验传说中,还是可以看到道德取向。而有违善良风俗的祠神信仰偶像,则传之不久。五、祈雨的实质是一种地方性传统,地方官员的祈雨实践,表达的是对这种传统的尊重。与普通民众相比,官员对于对祠神信仰的态度更为积极。作为个体的官员,自身对于祠神信仰活动的态度也存在差异。辅王化与毁淫祠是中国传统社会神道设教的两面,历史上官方毁禁淫祠常常流于徒劳。应当正确看待祠神信仰所具有的正面价值。在这一问题上,官方应当充分尊重民众的意愿,以教育和引导为主。更多还原

【Abstract】 Popular cults are the main content of popular believes. It is a kind of cults-centered belief that has fixed places (shrine) and relatively stable pilgrims, ceremony and activities. It is a non-institutionalized universal belief, which is very close to daily life. It functions as "Chong De", advocating virtues, and "Baogong", repaying merits. The popular cults in Fujian province have a long history, which still plays a very important part in people’s daily life both in Fujian and Taiwan Province till now.This paper comprehensively analyzes the local records about popular cults based on the literature record. The author pays special attention to the use of the literary sketches, missionaries’memoirs and ancient folk songs. Based on the integrated discipline theories and methods from history, religion, folklore, anthropology, the content of the paper including:firstly, the appearance of popular cults in Fujian province; Secondly, the witches and wizard, magic and popular cults; thirdly, the double dimensions of faith for ferocious ghost and god of plague; fourthly, the popular cults activities for specific groups; fifthly, the popular cults and social control. In the paper, the author emphasizes the relationship between popular cults and popular life and social control. Moreover, this paper integrated origin and rheology, common phenomenon and case studies and make every effort to explore the true picture of popular cults in a multidimensional view.Firstly, the author thinks that the production of popular cults resulted not only from natural and social factors but also from the social features of immigrants. During the period of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty, foreign cults completed the localization while the local cults have been secularized. Secondly, wizard and witchcraft have played a very important role in people’s life for a long time in Fujian province. Many cults, especially goddess originated from witches. In the process of witches to goddess, efficacious legends and virtue story played an important role. Popular cults are very close to people’s daily life because of its characteristics of secularization. Thirdly, the faith of ferocious ghost and god of plague is a special form that is related to Nuo culture in Fujian popular cults. Fujian people attitudes to ferocious ghost vary from hate to like, from power to grace. The "Chuhai "centered on the faith of "Wudi" is in essence a kind of Nuo sacrifice for driving plague. Similar to "Pudu","Chuhai "also has entertainment and economic functions. Fourthly, popular cults have random characteristics, which are mainly shown on the belief behavior and cults of certain group that are often utilitarian. However, moral orientation can still be seen in the efficacious legends relating to the cults. Those cults who disobey the kind and positive believes and customs would disappear soon. Fifthly, the essence of praying for rains is a local tradition. Local officials pray for rains, which shows the respects to the traditional customs. Compared with the ordinary people, officials’attitudes toward popular cults are more positive. As an individual official, the attitude toward activities of popular cults is slightly different. Helping the morality,"Fuwanghua",and forbidding evil cults,"Huiyinci", are the most important two aspects of traditional religions in Chinese society. In history, the official "Huiyinci" was often useless. We should take a correct view on popular cults that have positive values. Upon this issue, the government should fully respect the will of the people and play an instructive role in the popular cults.更多还原