【作者】 程春梅；

【导师】 贺立华；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 本论文主要探讨中国20世纪百年文学创作中,贞节观念如何与政治合谋走了一条迂回曲折的衍变之路。贞节观念的含义并不是固定不变的,历史上不同的时期与不同的社会群体给予“贞节”的解释是不同的。笔者从古代至20世纪文学的阅读经验中发现,贞节观念从古至今的衍变说明了它身上承载了很多文化、政治、社会心理等复杂内容,贞节观念已经不仅代表贞节本身,而且是影响与制约社会上男女两性和谐相处的重要因素。特别是自从20世纪初中国打开国门与世界潮流接轨开始,文学中的贞节观随着中国社会的不断变革也有了曲折辗转的衍变历程,贞节观念的这种衍变在不同的社会阶层、不同的社会时期、不同的社会风气中呈现出复杂各异的面貌。论文在第一章中主要是回顾东西方贞节观念的历史衍变过程,从历史上来梳理贞节观的来龙去脉。中国、日本、印度、伊斯兰教国家等东方国家历史上具有一个共同的特点便是对贞节观念的高度重视,并由此形成了相应的婚姻制度及各种与贞节有关的习俗,有的甚至绵延至今。西方国家大多受基督教等宗教影响,历史上也曾经有严酷的贞节制度,但随着西方启蒙运动、思想解放及性解放运动带来的影响,贞节的绳索逐渐松绑,西方人突破了贞节观对人情欲的束缚,获得了崭新的男女两性关系。当20世纪初西风东渐,慢慢地贞节不再成为一个全球性太过沉重的话题,东方社会也逐渐摒弃了严酷的贞节制度,爱情观、婚姻观、家庭观、性关系都获得了新的发展。第二章主要论述了20世纪初期至五四时期贞节观念上历史的觉醒,人们打破性禁忌的坚冰,从理论批判到文学形象的塑造,通过一系列的行动来揭示传统贞节观的劣根,宣传西方新的性解放思想,一潭死水开始初泛微澜。在这其中,最突出的是清末狭邪小说等世情小说与鸳鸯蝴蝶派小说中所体现出的这种世纪初贞节观念的变化。狭邪小说中以妓院为中心描摹世态,一定程度上表现出与封建道德传统相左的思想倾向。鸳鸯蝴蝶派小说很多已把男女的婚姻自由提到议事日程上来,大量表现年轻人挣脱封建传统礼教桎梏的艰难,展示了当时小市民的婚恋观、贞操观,他们既不满于父母专制的包办婚姻,又希望获得父母恩准他们的自主婚姻,既渴望婚姻自由不容人干涉,又不能像后来五四新文化运动后的青年人那样理直气壮地宣告自己的婚姻自己做主,鸳鸯蝴蝶派小说是新旧交替时代青年的情感真实写照。第三章主要论述的是现代文学30年中除了革命文学、左翼文学与延安文学之外的文学创作中贞节观念状况。如果说激情飞扬的五四时期令千百年来由根深蒂固的传统贞节观念一统天下的中国社会死水微澜的话,那么这30年表现出来的便是勇敢的反抗与犹疑徘徊双重奏的30年,现代文学中的贞节观念表现出的极为复杂的情态是其他时期所不能比拟的,而且总体来说,男女作家们在表现这一主题时遵循了非常不同的创作思路。面对传统中国典型的贞节观念造成女性的千年苦难,角度的不同认识的不同使男女作家在对题材的把握上也存在差异。男性作家往往从客观的角度深刻地揭示这种苦难的社会根源,而女性作家往往会以感性的笔调,从自身的体验出发抒写这种苦难的哀痛。另一方面,男性作家笔下那些被传统贞节观束缚的女性大多数是弱者形象,是无法自救逆来顺受的可悲可怜的社会牺牲品,而在女性作家笔下,这些受害者往往表现出顽强的个性,惊人的生命力,她们的抗争闪耀着追求人性的精神光辉。从作家本身的贞节观念来看,现代文学中男性与女性作家也表现出极大的差异性,男性作家受社会整体上男性中心主义习惯思维的影响,他们一面表现着传统贞节观压迫下女性的悲苦,另一方面一部分人却不自觉地在赞美维护这种贞节的观念,所以有时候他们的贞节观徘徊在传统与现代之间,表现出犹疑与矛盾的态度。而相对来说,女性作家对传统贞节观的反抗性更为强烈,态度更为坚定。第四章主要梳理了贞节观从革命文学开始经过左翼文学、延安文学发展到新中国社会主义文学这一长长的历史进程中所发生的新的畸变现象,这种畸变直到文革时期达到登峰造极的地步,那便是无爱无情亦无性的文革文学。无产阶级革命时期,文学写什么不写什么不断受到规范,开始追求女性的忠贞纯洁,爱情是有小资情调的不能提,性是有伤风化的东西不能表现,那些追求性解放的女人便是落后的反动的,当无产阶级走上历史舞台并取得了政权之后,性的正面描述就基本消失了,这部分地是缘于男权主义与极左政治相结合给文学中贞节观带来的深刻影响。20世纪的文学从最初赞美勇敢猛烈追求恋爱自由和婚姻自由的现代女性,到此时竟然出现了极端的无爱无情亦无性的文学创作规则,这种变化的答案就隐藏在20世纪中国走的现实道路中。革命,抗战,救亡,就存这为拯救国家危机进行不断探索的道路上,文学逐渐地失去了独立存在的空间,变成了革命工作的一部分,即变成了革命的宣传工作,因而不可避免地,中国20世纪文学进入了很长时间的与政治纠结在一起受规整的发展时期,它严重地受到政治的制约,深刻地反映着政治对它的严格要求,20世纪文学由此走上了深具中国特色的贞节观念与政治合谋的曲折衍变之路。第五章论述的是新时期文学如何对贞节观进行再度的反省。在古代传统与革命传统双重影响下的新时期文学又接受了一场西方思想的启蒙,极端保守的贞节观念得到了松绑,但松绑并不意味着一下子就彻底获得解放,这个过程中有不断的迂回曲折。主流意识形态弘扬主旋律,求稳定不求激进,所以对于些在贞节观念上表现新锐的作品往往会采取规训的方式以期减少思想影响。但社会毕竟是从极端的一元慢慢趋向多元发展,不同的音调开始获得发声的机会,尽管这样的一些突围不断的受到来自主流的批判与规训,但并没有阻挡作家们从小心翼翼到义无反顾的突围,直到走向另一个极端：性泛滥,特别是1990年代后被认为是一个欲望叙事的时代,这是新时期文学中贞节观发展的另一种走向。总体来看,在20世纪初在国门开放、人心思变的五四前后以及革命文学、左翼文学时期,知识界流行的是谴责封建贞节观残害中国女性的罪恶史的文学表达,新知识分子憎恶封建贞节观,他们与当时流行于西方的性解放思潮相呼应,拥有较为开放的性观念。但毕竟古老的因袭沉重而顽固,在社会的下层以及保留着古老传统的封建大家族里,这股清新的风气吹来后仅现若有若无的涟漪,前者表现在大量描写农村贞妇惨剧的新文学作品中,后者体现在凌叔华等作家描写“高门望族精魂”的一系列作品中。另一方面,从左翼文学开始便已经埋下了“禁欲”的种子,到了延安文学、建国初社会主义文学时期我们会看到“解放”的婚姻观念与“保守”的性观念并存,“禁欲”因为有严酷的战争而获得了“正当”的理由。我们能看到对婚姻自主、反对封建包办婚姻的宣传作品,但已经很少看到对爱情的叙说,更少看到对情欲的描写,人们把这些个人的情愫都抛在一边,所有的力量都汇聚到了统一思想有利于取得革命胜利的政治洪流中。这时连有“小资产阶级情调”的主人公都极少出现,主人公变成了英雄的工农兵,而这些没有接受过五四个性解放思想启蒙的工农兵主体所尊崇的贞节观念仍然是传统的。这种状况在新时期文学中得到了反拨,甚至又发展到了另一个性泛滥的极端。但实际上对这种所谓“性泛滥”我们也勿需用“全民道德沦丧”的惊呼来简单粗暴地进行否定。因为在社会转型期,泥沙俱下,不同的社会群体有不同的价值追求,在一种纷繁的现象背后,我们能觉察到那种生机与死寂并存的尴尬。本论文的创新之处在于：一是从贞节观的角度切入研究20世纪中国文学,打通了20世纪文学中近代文学、现代文学、当代文学的研究脉络。20世纪中国文学呈现出贞节观深深地与政治相纠结的发展轨迹,对这种独特的发展轨迹做整体研究是本文倾力进行的重点所在。二是迄今未见从社会性别理论的视角完成的对贞节观念在20世纪文学中的衍变进行系统研究的成果,因此本论文在理论视角和研究对象方面有突破。三是本论文采用跨学科的研究范式,综合历史学、心理学、社会学等大的人文社科方面的最新研究成果来进行文学研究,在研究方法方面具有一定突破。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper focuses on how the chastity concept and the political evolution conspired to go a roundabout way in the20th century of Chinese literature. Chastity concept does not remain the same, whereas the explanations for "chastity concept" in different period and by different social group are different. The author finds that from ancient time to the20th century the ideas of chastity described carrying a lot of cultural, political, social, psychological, and other complex contents. And chastity has not represented itself, but also an important factor affecting and restricting gender harmony, especially since China began to open its doors in the early20th century with world practice, the chastity concept of Chinese literature changes with Chinese social evolution. This evolution of the chastity concept took on complex faces at different times and in different social strata.The first chapter is a literature review of the evolution of concept of chastity in the East and West. One common characteristic in China, Japan, India, Islamic countries and other oriental countries is the emphasis on the concept of chastity, and thus forms corresponding marital system and customs associated with chastity, some of which even stretches so far. Under the influence of Christian religion, cruel chastity system once appeared in Western countries, however, with influences brought about by the Enlightenment, emancipation and sexual liberation movements, chastity untie the ropes gradually, people break the shackles of chastity in favor, and get a new gender relations between men and women. When the westerly East came out in the early20th century, chastity is no longer a heavy global topic, Oriental society has gradually abandoned the harsh chastity system, love, marriage, family and sex relationships has got new development.Chapter two mainly discusses the awakening of the concept of chastity from the early20th century to the May Fourth period; people broke the taboos of sex, and reveals traditional chastity in the inferior root, propaganda of Western New emancipation from theoretical criticism to the creation of literary images, of which the prominent one is the evil love novels in the late Qing and the Mandarin Duck and Butterfly School. The evil love novels often tell stories about prostitutes, partly showing ideological trends conflicting with traditional feudal morality. The Mandarin Duck and Butterfly School novels often tell about men’s and women’s marriage freedom, large numbers of young people break traditional feudal etiquette shackles. They were discontent with marriage arranged by parents, and hope to get marriage freedom approved by parents, and desire for free marriage without interference, but cannot be the owners of their marriage like young people in May4th Movement. So this sort of novel is real depiction of young people’s emotion in the exchange of old and new time.Chapter three mainly deals with chastity concept in30-year modern literature except the revolution literature, the left-wing literature and Yan’an literature. In modern literature, the concept of chastity took different characteristics from the period of May4th Movement and the period after the founding of new China. Provided the traditional chastity concept rule of China had some changes in the period of the May4th Movement, in this30years Chinese literature the chastity concept is both brave rebellion and suspected wandering. The chastity concept of modern literature in performance is more complex than other periods, and usually men and women writers follow different thoughts of chastity concept. To face the Millennium sufferings caused by typical concept of chastity of traditional Chinese women, different men and women had different perceptions. Male writers often wrote from an objective point and revealed the social causes of this suffering, whereas women writers tended to a perceptual style, proceeding from their own experiences and maintain sorrows of this suffering. On the other hand, most of the women bound by traditional chastity were weak images, were only sad pathetic victim of society in male writers’novels. But women writers tended to endow these women with strong personality, amazing vitality, and their struggle shinning with sparkles of the pursuit of human spirit. From the perspective of writers, male and female writers are also different, male writers were affected by male center doctrine, on the one hand, they reflected the oppression women suffered, on the other hand, they praised and defended this chastity of concept unconsciously, so sometimes their views wandered between traditional and modern concepts, and exposed an attitude of suspicion and contradictions. However, women writers held a more firm attitude towards it.Chapter four mainly surveys the chastity concept from revolutionary literature, Yan’an literature development to the new China’s socialist left-wing literature, until to the pinnacle of this aberration of cultural revolution, that is, no love ruthlessly clone the cultural revolution literature. In proletariat revolution period, the contents of literature were restricted, and began to pursue fidelity pure, love should not be petty ambience, sex is a corruption morality which cannot be described, those who pursued sexual liberation is backward and reactionary. When proletariat went on historical stage and made regime, positive description of sex almost disappeared, which the deep affection was brought by male chauvinism and left wing politics. Literature of the20th century change from initially praising women pursuing freedom and love and marriage to extreme" no love no sex" literary principle, which lies in the road taken by China in20th century. Literature gradually lost its independence and became a part of revolution on the way of revolution, war and salvation to explore access to save our nation. Thus inevitably Chinese literature in20th century entered a period of combining with politics. It was limited by politics and revealed the severe discipline imposed on it, so Chinese literature in20th century entered a winding road with Chinese characteristics of chastity concept and conspiring with politics.Chapter five mainly tells how the literature in the new era reconsiders on the concept of chastity once again. Influenced by ancient tradition and revolutionary tradition, literature in the new period was enlightened by western ideas, and conservative concept of chastity has been loosened, but restrictions does not mean it was liberated completely, but it had constant twists in this process. Mainstream ideology carries forward the main theme, seeking stable and progressive, so for some of the performance of new works on the concept of chastity will often take the form of discipline to reduce its impact. But social after all is from extreme of a Yuan slowly trend multiple development, different of tone began get vocal of opportunities, despite so of some breakthrough constantly of was from mainstream of criticism and rules training, but and no barrier writers were from carefully to back of breakthrough, until to another extreme:sexual flood, especially the period past1990is considered as a desire narrative of times, this is another trend of chastity literature in the a new era.Overall, the doors open and people are longing for change in early20th century left-wing literature and revolutionary literature, before and after the May Fourth period, intellectual fashion is condemnation of feudal history of chastity in crimes against Chinese women’s literature expression, new intellectual abomination feudal concept of chastity, they are echoing with the liberation of thought prevailing in the West, with more liberal sexual attitudes. But after all the old hereditary heavy and stubborn, social infrastructure, as well as preserved ancient traditions of feudal clans in the atmosphere of this fresh blow came only after vague ripples, the former description of performance in a large number of rural Lucretia tragedies in new literary works, which are reflected in Ling Shuhua’s writers, such as describing "Sublime Porte Family " in a series of works. The other hand, starting from the left-wing literature has been laid "abstinence" seeds, the Yan’an literature and the beginning of the founding of the Socialist literature period we will see the "liberation" of marriage of the concept of "conservative" attitude, enthusiastic,"abstinence" as a result of the war because the harsh "legitimate" reasons. We can see on the advocacy work of independent, feudal marriage, but is rarely seen on the speaking of love, much less see description of lust, people throw these personal feelings aside, and all forces are gathered political torrent to unify their thinking in favor of the victory of the revolution. When connected to a "petty-bourgeois style" heroes are rare, the hero becomes a hero of workers, and these have been of May Fourth enlightenment emancipation of workers of the exalted idea of chastity is still traditional. Get-back in this state of affairs in the new period literature, even rampant development to another extreme. But in fact, this so-called "sexual promiscuity" we don’t need "universal moral turpitude" roughly and scream to simple negation. Because in the period of social transformation, different social groups with different values, behind a complex phenomenon, we can see the embarrassment of that kind of life and dead coexist.The innovation of the thesis lies in:Firstly, the author makes her research from the angle of chastity in study of Chinese literature in the20th century, through modern literature in20th century literature, modern literature, and contemporary literature in the research context. The chastity in Chinese literature in20th century deeply presents that is entangled with political development, on the overall development of this unique study is to focus efforts in this article. Secondly, there is still no results from social gender theory perspective on chastity concept in20th century literature, so this paper makes a breakthrough in theory perspective and research object area; thirdly, integrated history, psychology and sociology, the author takes interdisciplinary paradigm in this paper by the latest research results of Humanities Social Science in literature research, making a breakthrough in research method.更多还原