科学探究推理研究

【作者】 张继华；

【导师】 何向东；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 逻辑学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 杜威关于科学探究模式的分析可简化为“数据——假设——结论”的过程,从数据到假设中使用的推理模式包括各种归纳推理和溯因推理,从假设到结论的检验过程使用的推理模式是演绎推理,它包括单调演绎推理和非单调演绎推理。基于对各种推理类型的重新研究,运用动态认知逻辑的观念、技术和方法,我们从信息输入和输出的角度对它们做出认知解释。利用现代逻辑的技术和方法,我们对归纳推理类型重新进行了研究,清除了形似归纳推理、实则演绎推理的推理类型,并且从模态角度分析了真正的归纳推理的或然性。特别是,我们借助当代模态逻辑中的混合逻辑,对穆勒五法重新进行研究,从形式上对穆勒归纳推理进行了刻画。借用当代动态认知逻辑中的模型更新的方法,我们对各种归纳推理形式进行了认知分析,构造了认知模型,说明了归纳推理的特征。这种方法的实质是从所涉及命题的真值情况出发,根据输入信息不断删除状态,最终确立结论的可能性的过程。最后,我们还探讨了归纳推理的认知价值。溯因推理是从数据达到假设的另一类独特的推理模式。对于这类推理,我们从命题逻辑、三段论和谓词逻辑等三个方面,区分了不同类型的溯因推理。命题溯因推理模式主要涉及蕴涵词的使用,然而借助命题逻辑中的定义,也可以对其它命题联结词在溯因推理中的运用进行分析。三段论有A、E、I、O等四种基本的命题形式,我们也分析了使用这四种形式的命题所进行的溯因推理。从现代谓词逻辑的角度看,三段论溯因推理可以转化为谓词逻辑中的溯因推理。我们还分析了溯因推理中涉及的时态、因果等等模态概念。从信息输入和输出的角度,构造了各种不同类型的溯因推理的认知模型,反映了溯因推理中信息的动态变化以及溯因推理的或然性特征。对于作为科学探究的中间阶段的科学假设,我们对假设的定义、一般特征、模式、类型等方面进行了探讨。进一步对胡适和波普尔的假设观进行对比分析,论述了科学假设的认知意义。最后,我们从科学假设与提高认知水平、培育创新思维、促进探究活动科学化、逼近科学真理等方面探讨了科学假设的认知功能。科学假设作为归纳或溯因推理的终点,它也是从假设到结论的起点。假设的科学性直接影响到科学探究的成败,在科学探究中具有极其重要的地位。从假设到结论的科学探究活动使用演绎推理。演绎推理分为单调演绎推理和非单调演绎推理,前者在科学家探究活动中起重要作用,而后者则在日常生活的科学探究中起重要作用。我们梳理了两类演绎推理的特征,然后利用动态认知逻辑中的模型更新方法,说明演绎推理中信息的动态变化。演绎推理过程本质上就是输入的前提所包含的信息的动态变化过程。对于非单调演绎推理,我们特别从信念更新的角度探讨了它的认知意义。最后,我们还从认知价值方面探讨了演绎推理与其它推理的关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 The analysis of patterns of scientific inquiry provided by John Dewey can be simplified as the process from data to hypothesis and then to conclusion. The process from data to hypothesis uses inferential modes including various types of inductive reasoning and abductive reasoning. Inferential patterns used in the process from hypothesis to conclusion are modes of deduction, including both monotonic and non-monotonic reasoning. Based on the analysis of various types of reasoning, and by using concepts, technologies and ideas from dynamic epistemic logic, we give cognitive interpretations for them from the perspective of information input and output.Using technologies and methods of modern logic, we analyze types of inductive reasoning. We eliminate some types of reasoning which looks like inductive reasoning but are deductive by nature from the area of inductive reasoning. And we also analyze the non-necessary feature of proper inductive reasoning from the modal perspective. Especially, we revisit Mill’s five methods and characterize Mill’s inductive reasoning by using hybrid logic in contemporary modal logic. By the method of updating model from dynamic epistemic logic, we give cognitive analysis for various types of inductive reasoning, and construct cognitive models which explain features of inductive reasoning. The nature of this method is to identify the possibility of the conclusion by deleting states using information input starting from the cases of truth values of involved propositions. Finally, we also explore the cognitive value of inductive reasoning.The abductive reasoning is another specific type of inference from data to hypothesis. For this type of reasoning, we explore different types of abductive reasoning from three aspects:propositional logic, syllogism and predicate logic. Propositional abductive reasoning is mainly concerned with the use of implication. We also analyze use of other propositional connectives in abductive reasoning by definitions of them in propositional logic. There are four propositional forms in syllogism: A, E, I, O. Abductive reasoning involved in using them is analyzed. From the perspective of modem predicate logic, syllogistic abductive reasoning can be converted into abductive reasoning in predicate logic. We also analyze modal concepts of tense and causation involved in abductive reasoning. From the perspective of information input and output, we construct corresponding cognitive models for various types of abductive reasoning which reflect dynamics of information and the non-necessary feature of abduction. As far as the scientific hypothesis as the middle stage of scientific inquiry, we explore its definition, general features, patterns and types. Further more, we analyze the cognitive meaning of scientific hypothesis by comparing the conception of hypothesis provided by Hu Shi with that by Karl Popper. Finally, we also explain the cognitive function of scientific hypothesis from the following aspects:raising the level cognition, cultivation of creative thinking, making inquiry scientific, and approximation of scientific truth. Scientific hypothesis as the end point of inductive or abductive reasoning is also the starting point of the process from hypothesis to conclusion. The scientific property of hypothesis has direct influence on the success of scientific inquiry. It has a very important status in scientific inquiry.The process of scientific inquiry from hypothesis to conclusion use deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is divided into to types:monotonic and non-monotonic reasoning. The former plays an important role in scientists’inquiry, while the latter plays an important role in ordinary scientific inquiry. We study the general features of those two types of reasoning. Then we make use of the method of updating models from dynamic epistemic logic to explain dynamics of information in deductive reasoning. The process of deductive reasoning is essentially the dynamic process from information contained in premises. For non-monotonic reasoning, we especially explore its cognitive meaning from the perspective of belief update. We also explore the relations between inductive reasoning and others in their cognitive value.更多还原