清末民国时期新疆汉文化传播研究（1884-1949）

【作者】 刘虹；

【导师】 王欣；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国少数民族史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 在独特的生态环境、地理条件和历史背景下形成的新疆多元文化,是中华多元一体文化格局中不可分割的组成部分。中原地区汉文化至晚从西汉时期就已经进入天山南北,成为新疆多元文化的重要组成部分。清朝统一天山南北之后,尤其是光绪十年(1884年)建省以后,新疆在行政上与内地划一,更多的中原人移住新疆进行开发建设,汉文化在新疆的传播进入了历史上新的阶段。梳理新疆建省至民国时期汉文化在新疆多元文化背景中传播的线索、阐明汉文化在近代新疆社会发展中的作用,不仅可以深化人们对近代新疆多元民族文化格局形成的认识,而且也能够进一步丰富和完善中华民族多元一体文化格局的理论。清末民国时期新疆汉文化的传播是在特定的历史背景下进行的。新疆建省以后,清政府在新疆围绕建省及“新政”进行了一系列改革,新疆的交通、通讯条件得以改善,中原人赴疆更为便利和频繁。清朝及民国以后新疆历任主政者的文化政策,以及该时期以各民族团结抵抗外来侵略、维护祖国统一为主流的民族关系,为汉文化在新疆的传播与发展提供了良好的社会环境。该时期汉文化传播的主体主要有入疆屯田的士卒、农民、遣犯,以及来自内地各省的商人、主政官员、遣员、手工业者、艺术工作者等等。汉文化在新疆传播的内容不仅包括中原成熟的农作生产文化、衣食住行等方面的物质生活文化,还包含中原地区以汉人为代表的宗教信仰、汉语方言、岁时节庆文化、传统戏曲艺术等方面。其传播的途径也较以前更为多样,不仅通过祀典活动、文献与文学作品传播,还通过会馆、学校教育等途径传播,在民国时期甚至还出现了新闻、话剧、电影等新式传播途径。清末民国时期新疆汉文化传播具有传播区域的广泛性与不平衡性、传播的阶段性与时代性、传播内容的全面性与丰富性三个特点。该时期汉文化传播的范围遍及天山南北,但其影响程度受内地移民分布格局的限制,呈现出“北重南轻”的特点。在这六十余年当中,汉文化传播的总体态势呈活跃状态,其间社会稳定、经济发展、民族关系和谐时,汉文化的传播速度快、范围广；反之则出现缓慢发展状态。在多种多样的传播途径下,其传播内容丰富全面,不仅包括物态文化层、制度文化层、行为文化层,而且包括心态文化层。该时期,新疆汉文化也具有其自身鲜明的特点。它不但与中原汉文化一脉相承,具有传承性和民族性,而且具有因中原移民迁出地多元而产生的多元性与地域性,更具有汉文化在新疆少数民族多元文化背景下形成的创造性。清末民国时期独特的新疆汉文化具有不同于其他文化传播的作用,首先,它维系着新疆世居汉人的认同,成为“老新疆”的身份标签；其次,清末民国时期的新疆汉文化,是新疆近代化,尤其是文化近代化的重要推动力；最后,清末民国时期的新疆汉文化,奠定了近现代以汉文化发挥主导作用的新疆多元文化格局的基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 Xinjiang’s multiculture is developed in the unique geographical conditions and historical background.It is the inseparable part of the integrative pattern of the multi-cultures of the Chinese nation.Han culture in the central plains had into Xinjiang region at least from the Xihan Dynasty,and had become the important part of the Xinjiang’s multiculture.It was from the reign of Qianlong,when Qing government had completed the unification of the north and south Tianshan mountain, Han culture had spreaded into Xinjiang region deeply.Especially in1884years,Xinjiang province had established,from then on,Xinjiang’s administration had unificated with the central plains,more people from central plains came into Xinjiang and developed it,the spread and development of Han culture reached the peak period.It is significative to find out the clues to the spread and development of Han culture in Xinjiang.This study is not only supplied to the research on Han culture,but also helpful to the research on Xinjiang’s multiculture,and consummated the research on the integrative pattern of the multi-cultures of the Chinese nation.The spread and development of Han culture was in the unique historical background.After Xinjiang province established,Qing government had worked at a series of reform.Xinjing’s traffic and communication had improved,that made the central plains’s people came to Xinjiang conveniently.From1884to1949,the government and the officials’cultural policy,and the ethnic relations provided a advantageous social environment to the spread and development of Han culture.During this period,the spread subject of Han culture consist of the officers, soldiers,plebs,prisoners who worked on reclamation,and the officials,the dismissed officials,merchant,handicraftsman,artists from the central plains,and so on.The spread and development of Han culture including the advanced farming technology, the material life culture,and the Han’s religious beliefs, Chinese dialects,the traditional festival custom, traditional opera art,and so on. The spread and development channels is diverse,such as sacrificial rites,literary dissemination,guild houses,school education,and news media,modem drama,movie and so on. The spread and development of Han culture in Xinjiang during1884to1949had three distinguishing features.First,the range of the spread and development of Han culture in Xinjiang during this period,is throughout the north and south Tianshan mountain.But the influence degree was limited by the distribution and living pattern of the people from central plains.It was much deeply in northern and eastern region of Xinjiang than southern region.Second,during these years,the trend of the spread and development of Han culture in Xinjiang is active.It was prompt when the social was stability,the economic was developed,and the ethnic relations was harmonious;Otherwise,opposite. Third, Han culture in Xinjiang’s spread and development was rich and the comprehensive through the multiple spread channels.It was not only including the material, the institution aspects,but also the behavior,the mentality aspects.During Late Qing and ROC period,Han culture in Xinjiang also had three distinct characteristics.The first is the inheritance,which inherited from the central plains’Han culture.The second is the diversity,which from the diversity of the subjects’ ancestral home.The third is creativeness,which developed in the Xinjiang’s multicultural background.Xinjiang’s Han culture during Late Qing and ROC period played an important role and had special effect.On one hand,it sustained the identify with the Xinjiang Han ethnic,became the identity labels of the Han people in Late and ROC period.On one hand,it promoted the modernization of Xinjing,especially in the culture modernization.On the other hand,it established the foundation of the Xinjing’s multicultural pattern in modern times,in which Han culture plays the important role.更多还原