国家促进高等学校毕业生就业政策的理论与实践研究

【作者】 李迎果；

【导师】 陈国新；

【作者基本信息】 云南大学 ， 科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 我国社会主义现代化建设进入以科学发展为主题时期,应该坚持把增加就业作为经济社会发展的优先目标。2012年政府工作报告首次将高等学校毕业生就业问题放在了就业首位,充分体现了该问题的重要性和紧迫性。一方面,注重保障和改善民生是党和政府的重要职责,解决好高等学校毕业生就业问题是其中应有之义；另一方面大学生作为我国劳动力市场中的优势资源,是中国特色社会主义现代化建设所需高素质人才的重要来源。如果不能合理利用他们,势必造成我国人力资源和教育资源的“双重”浪费。因此,深入系统地研究国家促进高等学校毕业生就业政策,既符合政治学研究国家政策的范畴,也是科学社会主义特别是中国特色社会主义,贯彻落实科学发展观,坚持以人为本,关注民生的题中之义。对于推进和拓展政治学和中国特色社会主义的学科发展和理论联系实际,具有重要的学术价值和现实意义。本文以马克思主义世界观和方法论为指导,基于马克思主义基本理论和基本原理下的中国特色社会主义现代化建设这个社会背景,侧重国家和政府政策视角,按照政策理论基础、环境因素和政策设计的研究思路,采用理论与实际相结合、历史与现实相比较、国内与国外相借鉴的方法,运用中国特色社会主义理论来分析和研究问题。促进就业是高等学校毕业生就业政策的主要目标,“促就业、调结构、重保障”是以科学发展为主题时期高等学校毕业生就业政策的重点和关键。本文围绕这个主要目标和重点,首先对我国高等学校毕业生就业政策的理论基础进行了深入研究。西方就业理论、马克思就业思想和中国三代领导人的就业思想为国家促进高校毕业生就业政策奠定了理论基础,深入分析就业政策与就业理论的内在联系是本文的理论研究重点,这对于当前就业政策理论基础研究相对缺乏的研究现状起到一定程度的填补作用；其次对政策环境进行了具体分析。主要包括对我国高等学校毕业生就业政策的历史演变、以科学发展为主题时期高等学校毕业生就业形势和特点的分析以及国外促进高等学校毕业生就业政策的启示研究；最后对以科学发展为主题时期国家促进高等学校毕业生就业政策进行了政策设计。“促就业”宏观调控政策的主要内容包括确保经济增长、拓宽就业渠道、消除二元劳动力市场、强化就业服务和指导等,主要存在宏观调控政策未能较好体现就业优先、就业拓宽渠道政策不够配套、促进劳动力市场发育完全政策不够完善、就业服务和指导政策不够强化等问题,具体从保持经济增长势头以拉动就业需求、调整宏观调控政策以体现就业优先、完善拓宽就业渠道政策以广开就业门路、建立统一劳动力市场以优化就业环境、强化就业服务和指导以减少就业盲目性等方面对政策进行完善和发展。“促就业”结构调整政策的主要内容包括产业结构政策、高等学校专业结构设置、高等教育体制改革和大学生能力培养等,主要存在产业结构调整不够同步、高等学校专业结构设置不够合理、高等教育体制改革不够深化和大学生就业能力不够到位等问题,具体从适时调整产业结构以保持经济健康发展、引导高等学校专业结构设置以增强结构合理性、深化高等教育体制改革以减少人才培养体制性障碍和提升大学生就业能力以增强就业适应性等方面对政策进行了完善和发展。“促就业”社会保障政策的主要内容包括就业相关法律、社会保障和特殊群体就业帮扶等,主要存在就业相关法律不够健全、社会保障比较欠缺和特殊群体就业帮扶有待加强等问题,具体从健全法律制度以增强就业法律保障、完善社会保障制度以建立就业“安全网”和推进“特群特政”以帮助特殊群体实现就业等方面对政策进行了完善和发展。本文的最大可取之处就在于研究学科的优势。高等学校毕业生就业政策问题的研究基本上都是以经济学、高等教育学、管理学和社会学等单一人文社会学科为多,单一学科背景的研究固然注重了科学研究的深度,但作为政府政策而言,应该在对其进行科学研究时进行多方位、多层面的思考,这样的政策研究才能更好体现系统性和科学性。科学社会主义作为一门将其他人文社会学科与马克思主义中国化最新成果实现对接的一门基础性学科,在进行政策研究中,既能够牢牢把握住服务于中国特色社会主义现代化建设这个总政策目标的方向,又能较好地运用交叉学科的研究方法来增强政策研究的系统性和科学性,使得本文的研究具有了其他单一人文学科研究相对缺乏的综合优势。另外,本文围绕以科学发展为主题时期高等学校毕业生就业政策“调结构、促就业、重保障”的重点和关键,在现有研究成果的基础上,提出了一些具有创新性的具体政策建议,包括：从促进高等学校毕业生就业角度出发,对以科学发展为主题时期我国产业结构发展进行了政策选择；从以科学发展为主题时期所需人才类型预测出发,对高校专业设置提出了指导性建议；从拓宽就业渠道角度出发,提出了大力发展第三部门、采取贷款优惠和减免税收以及直接补贴并举方式鼓励中小企业吸纳高等学校毕业生的政策建议；从考试招生制度改革角度出发,提出了将就业向招生延伸的政策建议；从健全劳动力市场角度出发,提出了建立全国统一高等学校毕业生电子档案库的政策建议；从强化就业服务和指导工作角度出发,提出了采用政府购买的方式鼓励社会组织和企业参与就业服务和指导工作以弥补目前工作专业性不足的政策建议；从完善社会保障体系角度出发,提出了以在校大学生学费扣缴或参加社会实践抵缴失业保险的方式来将高等学校毕业生纳入失业保险范围的政策建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 China’s socialist modernization into the priority objective of the scientific development period, they should adhere to the increase in employment as the economic and social development.2012government work report for the first time college graduates’ employment on the job first, fully reflects the importance and urgency of the problem. On the one hand, pay attention to protect and improve the important duty of the people’s livelihood in the party and government to solve the problem of good college graduates’ employment is one of the proper meaning; college students as the advantages of resources in the labor market in China, is the modernization of socialism with Chinese characteristics construction of an important source of highly qualified personnel required. If you can not reasonably use them, will inevitably result in "double" waste of our human resources and educational resources. Therefore, further systematic study of countries to promote the college graduates’ employment policies are consistent with the scope of political science research of national policy, scientific socialism, especially socialism with Chinese characteristics, implement the scientific concept of development, adhere to people-oriented, concerned about the question of people’s livelihood meaning. To promote and expand the discipline of political science and socialism with Chinese characteristics development and theory with practice, with important academic value and practical significance.Marxist world outlook and methodology, based on the modernization of socialism with Chinese characteristics under the basic theory and basic principles of Marxism, social background, focusing on state and government policy perspective, the theoretical basis in accordance with policy, environmental factors and policies designed research ideas using the combination of theory and practice, compared to the history and reality, domestic and foreign reference, the use of the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics to analyze and research issues.The promotion of employment is the main objective of the college graduates’ employment policies,"promoting employment, adjusting the structure, re-protection" is based on the scientific development of the theme of higher education graduates during the employment policy priorities and key. This paper focuses on the main objectives and priorities, the first in-depth study of the theoretical basis of China’s college graduates’ employment policies. Western employment theory, Marxism-employment ideas and the employment of three generations of Chinese leaders thought the country to promote the employment of college graduates policies laid the theoretical foundation, in-depth analysis of employment policies and employment theories of the intrinsic link theoretical research focus of this article, the current employment policy The theoretical basis of the relative lack of Research play a certain extent, to fill the role; followed by specific analysis of the policy environment. Include the historical evolution of China’s college graduates ’employment policies, scientific development is the theme of higher education graduates during the employment situation and characteristics of the analysis and abroad to promote the enlightenment of the college graduates’ employment policies; Finally, the theme of scientific development countries to promote during the college graduates’ employment policies and policy design. Promote employment "macro-control policies to ensure economic growth and expands employment channels, eliminating the dual labor market, strengthen employment services and guidance, mainly in the macro-control policies have failed to better reflect the priority to employment, employment broaden the channels of policy is not enough supporting the promotion of labor market development policy totally inadequate, not enough to strengthen employment services and guidance on policy and other issues specific to maintain the momentum of economic growth in order to boost employment demand, adjust the macro-control policies to reflect the priority to employment, perfect to broaden the channels of employment policies to open up employment opportunities to establish a unified labor market in order to optimize the employment environment, and strengthen the employment services and guidance in order to reduce employment blindness in terms of policy improvement and development of Promote employment of structural adjustment policies include industrial structure policy, colleges and universities set the professional structure, cultivation of the higher education system and college students, mainly in the industrial structure adjustment is not enough synchronization structure of colleges and universities of professional settings is not reasonable enough, higher education institutions reform is not enough to deepen and Graduate Employment lack of capacity in place and other issues, specifically from the timely adjustment of industrial structure in order to maintain healthy economic development, and guide colleges and universities of professional structure set reasonable structure to enhance and deepen the higher education system personnel training in order to reduce the institutional barriers and enhance the Graduate Employability and to enhance the employment adaptability in terms of policy improvement and development. Promote employment, social security policy include employment-related laws, social security and special groups, employment assistance, the main employment-related laws are inadequate, lacks social security and employment aid of a special group needs to be strengthened and other issues, specifically from the a sound legal system to enhance the protection of employment laws, and improve the social security system in order to create employment "safety net" and promote the special group of special affairs "in order to help special groups in employment, improvement and development of policy.The merits of this article is that the research disciplines advantage. College graduates’employment policy issues are basically a single humanities and social sciences to economics, the Higher Education Management and Sociology more than a single discipline background of course focus on the depth of scientific research, but as a government policy is concerned, in their scientific research, multi-faceted, multi-level thinking, such a policy in order to better reflect the systematic and scientific. Scientific socialism docking of a basic discipline of the humanities and social sciences as a goalkeeper with the latest achievements of Marxism in China, conducting policy research, both to firmly adhere to serve the policy objectives of the modernization of socialism with Chinese characteristics direction, but also better use of cross-disciplinary research methods to enhance policy research system and scientific, making this study a single humanities study the relative lack of comprehensive advantages.This paper focuses on the period of college graduates’ employment policies of the scientific development as the theme of "structural adjustment, promote employment, protection to the priorities and key, on the basis of existing research results, a number of innovative concrete policy recommendations These include:from the perspective of promoting college graduates’ employment period of scientific development as the theme of China’s industrial structure policy options; forecast starting from the period required for the type of talent as the theme of scientific development and guidance, specialties in universities proposals; starting from the perspective of expands employment channels by vigorously develop the third sector, to take the loan concessions and tax breaks and direct subsidies to both encourage SMEs to absorb the policy proposals of higher education graduates; the departure from the perspective of the reform of the examination and enrollment system, employment extension to the admissions policy recommendations; improve the labor market point of view, put forward policy recommendations to establish a unified national higher education graduates electronic archive; starting from the strengthening of employment services and guide the work point of view, the government purchases encourage social organizations and enterprises to participate in employment services and guidance to make up for the working professional policy recommendations; starting from the perspective of improving the social security system, to propose a way of withholding or participate in social practice to offset the unemployment insurance to college students tuition college graduates into the unemployment insurance coverage and policy recommendations.更多还原