当代滇池流域生态环境变迁与昆明城市发展研究（1949-2009）

【作者】 白龙飞；

【导师】 吴晓亮；

【作者基本信息】 云南大学 ， 专门史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 如何处理滇池流域生态环境和域内城市社会发展的关系是昆明城市发展中的核心问题。此问题始于战国时期环滇池地区城市出现之时,只是不同时期存在的问题的核心略有不同而已。20世纪50年代后,随着滇池流域城市的发展,流域内人口的迅速增长,城区范围的不断扩大,工业的快速发展,经济规模的急剧扩张,滇池流域的生态承载力与昆明城市发展之间的冲突已成为制约昆明城市可持续发展的重要因素。20世纪90年代滇池流域生态环境的承载力已经达到极限,很多生态指标失去了自我修复的功能,生态系统进入了恶化期。对20世纪50年代至现在的滇池流域生态环境变迁与城市发展进行历史学的考察是十分必要的,因为它可以揭示这种关系在当代经济社会迅速发展中变迁的原因、表现的内容和形成的特点,而弄清楚这些问题是定位流域内城市发展的前提条件,是实现生态环境与城市协调发展的基础。论文分析的时间段是1949-2009年。论文由绪论、正文和结语构成。绪论部分主要对论文的选题原由和意义,论题的研究现状、存在的问题和不足,论文中使用的核心概念和理论,论文研究的基本思路和方法等进行交待,为全文的展开提供知识基础。正文分为六章,从内容结构上看,可以分为两大部分,第一部分即流域生态环境特点与昆明城市历史发展的简单背景考察,第二部分为1949年后60年流域生态环境与城市发展关系的历史考察。第一章主要考察了滇池流域生态环境的特点及变迁历史、城市发展史,为后面的研究提供一种知识背景。第二章考察了20世纪50年代昆明城市发展与滇池流域生态的关系。这个时期滇池流域优良的生态环境为当时城市发展提供了很好的支持,特别是提供了城市发展中所需要的重要物质资源。但同时,人们在获取最大化的物质利益驱动下,对滇池流域生态系统进行了大量盲目的开发利用,如流域内森林的乱砍乱伐与土地的盲目开荒等。第三章分析了20世纪60-70年代,由于政治运动主导了社会经济发展路径的选择,加上当时特有的战略考量,在流域内大量兴建工业、对滇池进行围海造田。在促进经济发展的同时,这些活动对滇池流域的生态环境产生了破坏性的影响,表现在20世纪60-70年代,流域内工业点源污染突出,有的水体污染开始严重,破坏了流域内部生态的自我净化能力,导致1970年开始,滇池流域进入了人为治理流域污染的时期。第四章考察了20世纪80年代,在改革开放的旗帜下,流域经济建设得到了长足发展,滇池流域的城市,特别是昆明主城区起到了经济发展的核心引领作用,加上城市规模快速扩张,滇池流域生态恶化加剧。决策者开始注意到了城市发展中流域生态对整个区域社会经济发展的可持续性制约,并采取了大量的行动。然而,整个社会治理在“经济建设为中心”的政治考量下,治理工作更多是政治宣言式的表态,缺少执行的决心,效果很差,根本没有遏制住滇池流域生态环境恶化的趋势。第五章讨论了20世纪90年代,由于滇池流域生态环境开始成为阻碍流域城市发展的重要因素,整个流域生态系统能否正常运行成为流域城市发展的关键。政府治理力度加大,具体表现在两个规划的出现以及治理计划投资额的增加。然而,在对经济发展数量的追求下,整个治理工作无法遏制城市扩张、人口增长、经济发展带来的生态污染的速度,导致整个流域出现污染速度与治理速度并进,且污染速度超过治理速度的结果。20世纪90年代滇池流域的生态环境已不能承受流域内城市发展之重。第六章总结了21世纪前10年,滇池流域生态环境与城市发展关系的状况,在全国各地城市竞争驱动下,决策者重新定位了昆明城市的性质,想在流域生态恢复与都市化的蓝图中找到两者的平衡。于是,在城市快速发发展的同时,生态环境治理工作有了强有力的推进,各种污染物数量在排放上与前期相比得到遏制。不过,整个流域生态环境在城市激剧扩张中仍然无法实现成功的修复。结语认为,当代滇池流域城市发展与滇池生态关系经历了人为破坏、无序发展到人为恢复、协调生态与城市发展关系的复杂过程。时间上,可以分为1949年至1979年前30年和1980年至2009年后30年。前30年流域生态环境基本能自我净化,为流域城市发展提供良好的自然资源支持。当然,前30年的无序发展,为后30年生态环境恶化的埋下伏笔。后30年在滇池流域生态系统的治理上,虽然投入的人力、财力、物力不少,然而效果并不理想。通过分析,当代滇池流域城市发展与生态关系的特点有六个方面：反复多变的城市功能定位；理想的规划与城市现实发展无法合拍；城市发展对滇池流域自然资源的超限消耗；掠夺式的发展与脆弱的生态体系冲突严重；生态理想与城市扩张难以融合；滇池流域生态变迁与流域社会经济发展正向关联。笔者认为20世纪50年代以来,在滇池流域的城市发展中采用的是一种行动的理性,而不是理性的行动。笔者提出,在滇池流域的城市发展中必须采用一种理性的行动,在整个滇池流域生态承载力下规划城市发展的规模,放弃昆明城市发展规划中采用近代数量标准为指标的城市模式,而应采用一种生态宜居的指标作为提升昆明城市的影响力,让滇池流域生态环境在良性运行下培育出云贵高原中真正宜居的生态城市。更多还原

【Abstract】 The relation between the ecological environment of Dianchi Lake basin and the city’s social development in the basin is the core of Kunming urban development. The relation came into being in the Warring States Period when cities appeared in the area around Dianchi Lake, and the core differed slightly in different periods. With the urban development in Dianchi Lake basin after the 1950’s, the population grew explosively, the industry developed fast, the city scope and the economical scale expanded in the basin, especially from 1990 to 2009, the conflict between the supporting capacity of the ecological environment of Dianchi Lake basin and Kunming urban development became the important factor that restricted the sustainable development of Kunming urban region. The supporting capacity had already reached the limit in the 1990’s, many ecology targets lost self-repair function, and the ecosystem entered the worsened period. It is necessary to carry on a historical investigation on the ecological environment vicissitude and urban development in Dianchi Lake basin from the 1950’s until now, for the investigation can reveal the cause, the content of the performance, and the characteristics of the conformation of the vicissitude of the relation in the rapid development of the society and economy at the present time. Therefore, to clarify these relations is prerequisite to locate the urban development in the basin and is essential to realize the coordinated development of the ecological environment and urban areas. This dissertation takes 1949 to 2009 as the time section to carry on the analysis.The dissertation consists of introduction, main body and conclusion. The introduction provides the dissertation with the basic knowledge that explains the reason and significance of the topic selection, the current situation and the existent insufficiency of this topic and that tells the basic research thought and methodology of this dissertation as well as the key words.The main body is divided into 6 chapters, which can be grouped into 2 major parts in the light of the content structure, i.e. the simple background research on characteristics of the ecological environment in the basin and the historical development of the urban area as well as the historical research on the relation between the ecological environment in the basin and the urban development in 60 years since 1949. The first chapter provides a kind of background knowledge for the subsequent research which simply carries on the investigation on the characteristics of the ecological environment and the vicissitude history of Dianchi Lake basin as well as the history of urban development. The second chapter researches the relation between Kunming urban development and Dianchi Lake basin ecology in the 1950’s. During this period, the fine ecological environment of Dianchi Lake basin provided good support, especially the needed important material resources for the urban development at that time. While at the same time, people randomly cut down forest and blindly reclaimed land in the basin resulted from blindly exploiting in order to gain maximum material interest from Dianchi Lake basin ecosystem. The third chapter analyzes the period since the 1960’s to 1970’s, during which, lots of heavy industries were constructed, plenty of land was reclaimed from Dianchi Lake as a result of political movements’leading the socio-economic development choices plus special strategic consideration at that time. While developing economy, these activities exerted a destructive influence on the ecological environment of Dianchi Lake basin. The industrial pollution had already had serious negative consequence in the basin in the 1960’s and 1970’s, destroying self-purification ability of the internal ecology in the basin, and leading to the artificial treatment of Dianchi Lake pollution started from 1970. The fourth chapter investigates the period of the 1980’s, which witnessed the considerable development of the economic construction in the basin as a result of the reform and opening-up policy. Cities in the basin especially the main urban area of Kunming played a key role in the economic development; besides, the urban scale expanded fast, thus the ecology worsening of Dianchi Lake basin was aggravated. The policy-makers started to note that in the urban development, the basin ecology restrict the sustainable socio-economic development in the entire basin region, hence they took substantive actions to fight against pollution. However, the treatment of Dianchi Lake was no more than a political manifesto-like statement in consideration of "taking economic development as the central task", which lacks the executive determination, so the effect was very bad, and the deterioration tendency of the ecological environment of Dianchi Lake basin was not prevented at all. The fifth chapter discusses the period of the 1990’s. Since the ecological environment of Dianchi Lake basin started to become the factor that hindered the urban development, it is crucial for the urban development in the basin that the ecosystem of the entire basin operates normally. The enlarged treatment dynamism manifested in two programs’coming into being and the investment of treatment increased. However, in order to pursue the economic development quantity, the treatment can not curb the speed of ecological pollution as a result of urban expansion, the growth of population and the development of economy. The speed of appearance of pollution in the whole basin and that of treatment advanced together, and the speed of pollution overtook that of the treatment. The ecological environment of Dianchi Lake basin could not support the urban development in the basin in the 1990’s. The sixth chapter summarizes the first 10 years in the 21st century, during which the urban development in Dianchi Lake basin exploded the infinite strength under the urbanization throughout the country, and after the policy-makers reoriented for the basin city--Kunming municipality’s nature, what was the current situation of the relation between ecological environment of Dianchi Lake basin and the urban development? Policy-makers wanted to find the balance between the restoration of the basin ecology and the blueprint of the urbanization in the urban development. So the treatment of ecological environment was advanced powerfully, the number of pollutant fell compared with the corresponding period in previous years. Nevertheless, the whole eco-environment cannot realize the successful restoration because of the rapid urban expansion.The conclusion believes that the relation between the current urban development in Dianchi Lake basin and the ecology of Dianchi Lake underwent a complex process from artificial destruction and disordered plundering type development to artificial restoration and coordinating relation between ecology and urban development. This period can be divided into the previous 30 years (from 1949 to 1979) and the latter 30 years (from 1980 to 2009). In the previous 30 years, the eco-environment of Dianchi Lake basin could basically self-purify, and provide socio-economic development in the basin with fine natural resources. Of course, the disordered development during the previous 30 years laid down the foreshadowing of the eco-environment worsening in the latter 30 years. The treatment of Dianchi Lake ecosystem during the latter 30 years did not bring ideal effect although the investment was not a few.5 characteristics of the relation between urban development in present Dianchi Lake basin and ecology can be discovered by analyzing:repeatedly changeable location of urban function; serious conflict between the plundering type development and the fragile ecological system; urban development consumed natural resources without limits in Dianchi Lake basin; the ideal plan and the urban realistic development do not step well together; the ecology ideal and the urban realistic goal are difficultly coordinated. The author argues that since 1950’s, a kind of action rationality instead of a kind of rational action was adopted in the urban development in Dianchi Lake basin. The author puts forward that we must adopt rational action in the urban development in Dianchi Lake basin, and plan the urban development scale under the ecology supporting capacity of the entire Dianchi Lake basin. We must abandon the urban pattern that takes the modern quantity standard as the target when planning Kunming urban development, we should adopt the target of soft strength as the influence to promote Kunming urban area, and make the eco-environment of Dianchi Lake basin cultivate the ecology city under the benign movement which can be really livable in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.更多还原