【作者】 卓么措；

【导师】 张诗亚；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 教育技术学， 2011， 博士

【副题名】以热贡唐卡为例

【摘要】 藏族是个全民信教的民族,尽管物质生活极为匮乏,但是精神世界却极大丰富。重精神、轻物质的价值取向是藏民族的基本特征。藏传佛教艺术中极具代表性的唐卡,作为皈依佛法的标志和顶礼膜拜的神物,在藏族人民的生活中占有非常重要的地位。从古至今,藏族人不论贫富,家中的经堂里都会供有一副或十几幅唐卡,他们坚信所供奉的唐卡会带给家人吉祥、平安和幸福。然而目前藏区市面上销售的唐卡,大多都为电脑印刷唐卡或者半机器半手工唐卡。通过在热贡唐卡发源地“热贡”的实地田野考察发现,21世纪以来,信息技术的应用给热贡唐卡的传承带来了巨大的冲击。藏族信众日常佛事活动中所需的唐卡几乎百分之百采用便宜的电脑印刷唐卡。部分唐卡画师采用电脑打印的唐卡底稿来拓印,简化甚至省略了唐卡传统绘制工艺中最为基础的依照度量标准打底稿环节。唐卡不再是神圣的宗教用品,而是被大众消费的旅游工艺品,被明码标价挂在实体店或网店里销售。针对上述现象,本研究重点思考以下问题：信息技术的冲击给藏传佛教艺术的传承带来了哪些挑战与机遇?信息技术的应用是否会扭曲藏传佛教艺术原有的价值?传统的唐卡手工绘制工艺应否被现代信息技术取代?如何充分利用信息技术,保护、传承民族文化,更好地保持人类文化的多样性?这些问题是人类当前面临的重要研究课题,亟待通过扎实的田野考察弄清事实,分析事实来尝试作出回答。基于以上问题,本研究选择热贡唐卡为对象样本,采用田野考察法、文献法、比较法等研究方法,对热贡唐卡的传承现状、信息技术的应用带来的冲击等问题进行了为期三个月的实地田野考察。田野考察选择唐卡艺术之乡——黄南藏族自治州同仁县、吾屯村、黄南州职业技术学校、黄南州民族高中、青海民族大学等考察点,参与式观察唐卡的制作工序、传统工艺；与唐卡画师、唐卡学徒、销售唐卡的店员、从事唐卡数字化的工作人员进行深入访谈；对唐卡艺术专业的学生进行问卷调查,收集、整理第一手资料。文献法主要是针对藏传佛教艺术传承、非物质文化遗产的数字化保护、热贡唐卡传承等进行梳理和分析。比较法主要是对比信息技术应用前后热贡唐卡传承的价值取向来分析热贡唐卡传承中信息技术应用的优势与弊端。通过研究得出如下结论：一、按照传播媒介发展演变的线索,热贡唐卡传承中的媒介技术经过了绘画技术、印刷技术、电子技术、信息技术的变迁。二、1958年宗教改革以前,热贡唐卡的传承以寺院传承为主,家庭传承为辅。当前热贡唐卡传承呈现寺院传承、家庭传承、学校传承、企业传承、作坊传承多种传承方式互补共存的态势。随着现代化的进程及科学技术的飞速发展,信息技术的应用已经渗透到了热贡唐卡的制作、展示、宣传、传播、销售、保护与修复等方方面面。访谈与问卷调查结果显示,人们对热贡唐卡传承中信息技术作为传播手段和记录手段所具有的优势,满怀乐观和期待,但是对信息技术作为绘制辅助手段在热贡唐卡传承中的应用则持否定态度,认为在热贡唐卡的传承中传统的工艺技术及蕴含的文化内涵才是根本与核心。三、信息技术应用前热贡唐卡传承的价值取向是以精神价值为核心。唐卡的精神价值又可分为宗教价值、教育价值、审美价值。信息技术应用后热贡唐卡传承的价值取向转向追逐物质价值。因此,在信息技术的冲击下,热贡唐卡传承面临的最根本问题为：热贡唐卡所蕴含的精神价值与信息技术应用所追逐的物质价值之间的矛盾冲突。四、藏传佛教艺术传承中信息技术应用的优势体现在：第一,传播的广泛性,使藏传佛教艺术传播的规模更广、传播速度更快,艺术复制品被全世界的人随时随地欣赏；第二,数字化保护,以数字博物馆、影像数据库、专题网站的形式实现藏传佛教艺术的网络展示、销售。藏传佛教艺术传承中信息技术应用的弊端则在于信息技术作为绘制辅助手段,第一,过于追逐效率而忽视了文化内涵,导致传统工艺的简化和传统仪轨的省略；第二,过于注重经济效益而轻视了长远的发展,导致创作目的的功利性和艺人培养的单一化。五、藏传佛教艺术传承中信息技术应用的价值追寻体现在以下三个方面：第一,藏传佛教艺术的价值包括精神价值和物质价值两个方面,两种价值共存,不能用一个标准来衡量。在藏传佛教艺术的传承中既要充分肯定其具有的宝贵精神价值,又不排斥其所具有的满足艺人生活需求的物质价值。实现精神价值与物质价值的互补共存是藏传佛教艺术传承中信息技术应用的根本出发点；第二,“越是民族的,就越是世界的”,藏传佛教艺术要以自己独特的民族性真正面向全世界,一方面要以传统工艺来保持自己的鲜明的民族特色,另一方面要借助信息技术与他文化交流以互补；第三,藏传佛教艺术传承中信息技术应用的最终目的要为了满足当地人的需要,促进当地人的发展。本研究以藏文化持有者的身份,通过扎实的田野考察,对信息技术的应用给热贡唐卡传承带来的挑战和机遇作了全面的考察和理论分析,拓展了教育技术学研究的空间。从教育技术学的视角出发探寻藏传佛教艺术在全新数码时代中的生存与发展问题,研究的视角具有一定的新意。本研究的不足之处在于,在对藏传佛教艺术传承中信息技术应用的价值定位进行理论思考时,理论深度还有待加强。这需要在今后继续努力,不断提高理论素养。由于时间和精力的限制,田野考察的深度和广度还不够,需要在以后的研究中,继续深入下去。更多还原

【Abstract】 All Tibetans believes in Buddhism. Although the material life in Tibet is extremely scarce, the spiritual world of Tibetan’s is great abundant. Thangka, as the representative art of Tibetan Buddhism, occupies a very important position in Tibetan people’s life, which is a sign of converting to Buddhism and prostrating in worship. Since ancient times, Tibetan, rich or poor, believe the consecrated Thangka will bring auspicious, peace and happiness to family. However, most of Tibetan Thangkas in the current market are computer printing ones or half machine-half manual. By the field work in Rebkong, the birthplace of Thangka, we found that the a pplication of information technology brought huge impact on its inheritance since twenty-first Century. All Thangkas used in daily life of believers come from computer printing. Some artist are using computer to copy the manuscript of composition, which simplified traditong drawing process, such as according to measurement standard to make sketches. To some degree, Thangka is no longer sacred religious supplies, but tourism products of mass consumption and is to be priced in the entity store or on the internet.Based on the reflection on the phenomenon above, this study focuses on the following issues:what does information technology brings to the inheritance of Tibetan Buddhist art. Does the application of information technology distort the original value of Tibetan Buddhism art? Shall the traditional Thangka drawing technology be replaced by modern information technology? How to make full use of information technology to protect, inherit ethnic culture and maintain the diversity of human culture? These problems are all important research topic at present, which needs ascertaining the facts through the solid field investigation. The research method of this study includes field investigation, literature and comparative method. The field work last for three months. This study investigated Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous County, Wutun Village, Huangnan Occupation Technical School, Huangnan Ethnic High School, Qinghai Ethnic University and so on. The investigation focused on observation of Thangka production process and traditional craft, depth interview with Thangka artist, Thangka apprentice, sales clerk, and the questionnaire survey. The literature method is mainly aimed at carding and analysis on inheritance of Tibetan Buddhist art and of intangible cultural heritage. Comparative method mainly used to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the application of information technology during the inheritance of Thangka. The main conclusions of this study are as follows:First, according to the trail of media evolution, the inheritance of Thangka experienced four stages:painting technology, printing technology, electronic technology and information technology.Scond, before the religion reform in 1958, the main inheritance form is the monastery inheritance with family heritage as a supplement. Now it is the coexistence situation with the inheritance through temple, family, school and even enterprise. With the process of modernization and the rapid development of science and technology, the application of information technology has penetrated into the modern production, exhibition, promotion, communication, marketing, and other aspects of conservation and restoration of Thangka. The interviews and questionnaire surveys of this study shows that people are holding positive opinion on information technology as a means of communication and recording, and full of optimism and expectations. While most of them holds negative attitude towards information technology as the drawing assistant means. They believe that the core and nature of Thangka is traditional techniques and implication of cultural connotation.Third, before the application of information technology, the inheritance of Thangka is much more in favor of its spiritual value. The spiritual value of Thangka can be divided into religious value, education value and aesthetic value. After the application of information technology, the inheritance value is changing to chase material value. Therefore, under the impact of information technology, the most fundamental issue for modern inheritance of Thangka is the conflicts between spiritual value and material value that the information technology is chasing.Forth, the advantages of application of information technology are as following: the first one is spreading more widely and quickly. The art reproductions could be appreciated by the people all over the word. The second one is digital preservation in the form of digital museum, image database and website. The disadvantages of the application as a drawing auxiliary means ignored cultural connotation and disregard long-term development, which caused by economic benefits and led to the utilitarian purpose.Fifth, the application of information technology in the Tibetan Buddhist art shall pursuit the values as following:the first one is pursuing coexistence of two values, both the material and spiritual one. During the inheritance of Tibetan Buddhist art, people shall not only fully affirms its precious spiritual values, but also does not exclude the meet the artist life demand of material value. The fundamental starting point is realizing the coexistence of spiritual and physical value in the application of information technology. Second, "the more national, the more global". If the Tibetan Buddhist art wants to show their unique national character for all over the world, on the one hand, it must maintain their own distinctive national features, on the other hand to use information technology as a tool for cultural exchange in the complementary. Third, the ultimate purpose of application of information technology for the inheritance of Tibetan Buddhism art is to meet the needs of the local people and to promote the development of local people.This study has made comprehensive investigation and theoretical analysis on the challenges and opportunities that the application of information technology brought to the inheritance of Tibetan Buddhist art by solid field work, which expanded the research space of educational technology. It is the new area to explore the survival and development of Tibetan Buddhism art in the new digital era from the perspective of educational technology. The study is inadequate in the theoretical considerations on value orientation of application of information technology, which required author to further this study through harder work and constantly enhance.更多还原