【作者】 黄瑞华；

【导师】 朱伟云；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 预防兽医学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 为了有利于猪生长与健康,分别选择低聚木糖、甘露寡糖和大蒜素进行替代抗生素的试验研究。为了新生仔猪健康生长,选择富含肽类的酵母提取物作为血浆蛋白粉替代品进行生产与免疫效果研究。1寡糖对猪生长与健康的影响为了探讨寡糖替代抗生素对猪生长与健康的影响,分别选择低聚木糖(XOS)和甘露寡糖(MOS)进行相关试验。第一批试验以探索XOS和MOS在猪生产中应用可行性为主要目的,选择49日龄杜×(长×大)三元杂交生长育肥猪123头,随机分成7个组,每组设3个重复。对照组(CT组)饲喂基础日粮+含抗生素的预混料；试验组分别饲喂基础日粮+不含抗生素但含0.010%、0.015%、0.020%、0.025%、0.030%XOS和0.100%MOS的预混料。第二批试验选用16窝杜×(长×大)三元杂交仔猪进行XOS替代抗生素应用于断奶前后仔猪生产的可行性试验。在正常哺乳前提下,于7日龄分别饲喂常规料(CT组)和使用0.010%XOS替代抗生素的饲料作为开食料,21日龄断奶后继续饲喂相同的饲料直至35日龄。第三批试验以筛选合适的使用比例为目的,选用25窝杜×(长×大)三元杂交仔猪分5组进行梯度试验,在正常哺乳前提下,于7日龄分别饲喂常规料(CT组)和使用0.005%、0.010%、0.015%和0.020%XOS替代抗生素的饲料作为开食料,21日龄断奶后继续饲喂相同的饲料直至35日龄。第四批试验,选择12窝108头21日龄杜×(长×大)三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分成3个处理,每个处理4个重复,分别饲喂基础日粮加4%普通预混料(CT组)、4%含MOS(0.100%)+Na2SeO3的预混料和4%含MOS(0.100%)+有机硒Selplex的预混料。结果显示：D8-D21日龄期间0.015%XOS组与0.020%XOS组仔猪的ADG均显著高于CT组及0.005%XOS组、0.010%XOS组(p<0.05)。D22-D35日龄期间0.015%XOS组与0.020%XOS组仔猪的ADG均显著高于CT组(p<0.05)。除0.030%XOS组育肥猪试验中期比试验早期ADG的增幅,显著低于CT组和MOS组外(p<0.01),其余各处理组与CT组均无显著差异。所有处理组育肥猪试验后期比试验中期ADG增幅都显著高于CT组(p<0.01),而MOS组显著高于0.010%XOS组和0.020%XOS组(p<0.01),但显著低于0.025%XOS组和0.030%XOS组(p<0.01)。各批次试验中试验组猪群腹泻率都显著低于CT组(p<0.01)。寡糖MOs和XOS替代抗生素,未对生长性能造成负面影响,具有一定促生长作用。断奶前后猪饲料中35%纯度XOS以0.005%和0.010%水平就足以替代抗生素用于促进哺乳仔猪生长,而0.015%与0.020%水平具有更好的替代效果。断奶日粮中0.015%和0.020%水平XOS含量具有较为理想的替代效果。生长猪早期也以0.015%为宜。生长中后期以0.025-0.030%水平为宜。用有机硒替代Na2SeO3作为Se源配合用于仔猪料中,对生猪的各项生产性能、尤其是最终经济效益具有改善作用。2大蒜素对断奶仔猪行为特征、健康生产及其周围环境的影响选用225头21日龄健康无病的杜×(长×大)三元杂交断奶仔猪,按血缘、体重、性别一致原则随机分为5组,每组设5个重复。各组试验猪基础日粮一致、饲养管理条件一致,并由同一饲养员饲养。对照组(CT组)饲喂带有抗生素的饲料；各试验组饲喂不含抗生素的饲料,分别在饲料中添加25%的大蒜素100g/T、150g/T、200g/T和250g/T。预饲期7d,正饲期28d。结果表明,添加大蒜素的各试验组生长性能优于对照组,且随着日粮中大蒜素水平的增加,各试验组仔猪日增重、日采食量呈二次方提高(p<0.01),而料重比则呈二次方降低(p<0.01)。试验仔猪每一种行为在观测期内(从12:00-15:00)所占时间百分比表现出一定的分布规律。睡眠时间所占比重最大,但200g/t大蒜素日粮使仔猪比对照组获得更多的睡眠时间(47.71%Vs41.59%,p<0.05)、花费更少的时间争斗(0.28%Vs3.94%,p<0.01)、更少的时间处于应激状态(1.01%Vs5.91%,p<0.05)以及更少的时间表现为其它运动形式(0.00%Vs0.96%,p<0.05),而对猪的采食时间、饮水时间等没有显著影响。试验期内无论是对照组猪还是试验组仔猪腹泻率都比较低,对照组腹泻率最高,也仅是2.92%。大蒜素日粮能显著降低仔猪腹泻率,且随着日粮中大蒜素水平不断提高,试验仔猪发生腹泻的频率呈线性降低(p<0.01),尤其是其中母仔猪呈现线性(p<0.01)和二次方降低(p=0.05),反映出性别敏感性。各试验组仔猪粪便上苍蝇孳生量极显著少于对照组(p<0.01),随着日粮中大蒜素水平的增加,粪便表面所孳生的苍蝇数量在各个观测点都呈现线性和二次方减少现象(p<0.01)。随着粪便堆放时间的延长,粪便孳生苍蝇的数量呈二次方增加(p<0.01),但大蒜素添加组的粪样表面苍蝇吸附量还是少于对照组(p<0.01)。总之。日粮中添加大蒜素有益于断奶仔猪的行为、能够改善猪的生产性能、降低腹泻发生率,并且对改善环境有益。3酵母提取物对断奶前后仔猪生长、肉质和免疫性能的影响选择30窝长×大仔猪,随机分成三组,每组10窝,7日龄开始补料,直至断奶后8d(32日龄)。对照组猪日粮以5%血浆蛋白粉(SDPP)为主要蛋白源,试验1组以2.5%SDPP+2.5%酵母提取物(Yeast extract)为主要蛋白源,试验2组以5%Yeast extract为主要蛋白源。添加2.5%SDPP+2.5%Yeast extract日粮的试验1组和添加5%Yeast extract日粮的试验2组,仔猪平均日增重都达到饲喂添加了5%SDPP日粮的对照组的水平。可见50%替代能够达到理想的效果,100%替代在提高饲料转化率方面有效果更佳的趋势。50%替代SDPP导致仔猪腹泻率增加,而100%替代SDPP可使仔猪腹泻率与对照组一致(降低4.63%,p>0.05)。各处理组猪群肉质指标差异不显著。于7日龄诱料时,随机选择接近平均体重的、来自不同窝的仔猪6公6母前腔静脉采血；32日龄转群时,每组随机选择5窝,每窝选择接近平均体重的1公1母,共30头仔猪前腔静脉采血,肝素抗凝后保持体温并在2h内进行血细胞免疫指标的检测。用7-AAD法进行流式细胞检测,结果发现,7日龄仔猪血液自然杀伤细胞的细胞毒作用(NKC)较为明显,靶细胞死亡率为83.93%±8.17%；PMN的吞噬能力也较强,效应细胞对靶细胞的杀伤率为172.26±36.76。32日龄时仔猪血液的NKC均比7日龄时显著降低(p<0.01)。5%Yeast extract组仔猪血液效应细胞对靶细胞K562的杀伤率有高于5%SDPP组趋势(p<0.10)。5%Yeast extract组、2.5%SDPP+2.5%Yeast extract组母仔猪靶细胞死亡率均比5%SDPP组高(p<0.01)。DEX-FITC的荧光强度各处理组均比7日龄时降低(CT组p<0.05、2.5%SDPP+2.5%Yeast extract组p<O.O1、5%Yeast extract组p<0.10)。仔猪血液中PMN对DEX-FITC的吞噬能力5%Yeast extract组比5%SDPP组强(p<0.05,其中公仔猪p<0.05、母仔猪p<0.01)；而2.5%SDPP+2.5%Yeastextract组无论是公仔猪还是母仔猪均与5%SDPP组无显著差异.5%Yeast extract组母仔猪胸腺指数显著小于5%SDPP组(p<0.01)。2.5%SDPP+2.5%Yeast extract组脾脏指数显著高于5%SDPP组(p<0.05；其中母仔猪p<0.01),5%Yeast extract组有高于5%SDPP组的趋势(p<0.10)。5%Yeast extract组仔猪回肠淋巴小体横截面面积显著大于5%SDPP组和2.5%SDPP+2.5%Yeast extract组仔猪(p<0.01)。其它脏器指数无显著差异。5%SDPP组和2.5%SDPP+2.5%Yeast extract组32d龄十二指肠绒毛高度显著长于空肠和回肠(p<0.01),而5%Yeast extract组各肠段差异不显著。说明酵母提取物是理想的替代血浆蛋白粉的蛋白质资源,且用5%酵母提取物全面替代5%血浆蛋白粉效果更好。可见,低聚木糖、甘露寡糖、大蒜素都是抗生素理想替代品；酵母提取物是理想的替代血浆蛋白粉的非动物源性蛋白质资源。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to find suitable substitutes for antibiotics for growth and health of pigs, some alternatives, prebiotics, such as xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), plant extracts such as allicins were involved in the experiment. In order to find potential alternatives to animal originated feed source spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP), effect of non-animal originated feed source yeast extract rich of peptides on piglet was investigated.1 Effect of Oligosaccharide on Growth and Health of Pig ProductionTo check the possibility of oligosaccharide in replace of anitiobiotics in growth and health of pig production, Xylo-oligosaccharide(XOS)and Mannon-oligosaccharide(MOS) were involved in the experiment. Four parts of experiment were arranged. In the 1st part, 123 starters of Duroc X(Landrace X Large White)averaging in 49-day-old were divided into 7 groups with 3 replicates each in order to find the possibility of XOS or MOS applied in pig production. Pigs were fed with feed including 0%(CT),0.010%,0.015%,0.020%, 0.025%or 0.030%of XOS, or 0.100%of MOS. Based on the result from the part 1 experiment, possibility of XOS on piglet production was arranged in the 2nd part and 16 litters of piglets were selected and randomly allocated into two groups with 8 replicates each consisting of eight repeats of each. Normal antibiotics were involved in the feed of the control group, and XOS (0.010%) was used to replace antibiotics in the feed of treatment group. Piglets were supplementally fed started from 7 day after birth through 14 days after weaning (35 day of age). In the 3rd part,25 litters of piglets were divided into five groups with 5 replicates each to find the suitable content of XOS on piglet healthy production. Piglets were fed with basal diet plus 0%(CT),0.005%,0.010%,0.015%or 0.020%of XOS started from 7day after birth to 35day, two weeks after weaning. In the 4th part,108 weaners of Duroc X (Landrace X Large White) averaging in 21-day-old were divided into three groups, with 4 replicates each. Piglets were fed with basic feed plus 4%premix including some permitted antibiotics (CT),0.1%Mos and Na2SeO3 as the Se source, or 0.1%Mos and Selplex as the Se source. Results showed that ADG of piglets fed with diet with 0.015%or 0.020%of XOS in D8-D21 was significantly higher than that of those fed with diets of CT or with 0.005%or 0.010%of XOS (p<0.05). ADG of piglets fed with diet with 0.015%or 0.020%of XOS in D22-D35 was significantly higher than that of those fed with diets of CT (p<0.05). Except that of piglets fed with diets with 0.030%of XOS, which was significantly lower than that of those in CT or fed with diet with 0.100%MOS (P<0.01), improvement of ADG of grower to stater of pigs fed with diets with other contents of XOS did not show significant difference from CT. Improvement of ADG of finisher to growerof pigs fed with diets with XOS or MOS significantly higher than that of those in CT (p<0.01). That of those fed with diets with MOS was higher than that of those fed with diets with 0.010%or 0.020%of XOS (p<0.01), while lower than that of those fed with diets with 0.025%or 0.030%of XOS (p<0.01). Diarrhoea ratio of pigs in all the treatment groups in the four parts of experiment was significantly lower than that of the those in CT (p<0.05). No negative effects were found on the growth and health of pigs fed with diets with MOS or XOS in replace of antibiotics. For piglets around weaning, it was enough for 0.005%or 0.010%of XOS in substitute of antibiotics to improve growth performance of suckling piglets. It would be better if the content of XOS were in 0.015% or 0.020%for piglets surround weaning as well as weanling piglets. The level of 0.015% was an ideal to starter while 0.025-0.030%ideal to grower and finisher. The result also suggested that selplex as an ideal source of Se for piglets when combined with MOS in pig production showed a good economic efficiency.2 Effects of Dietary Allicin on Behaviour, Health, and Growth Performance of Weanling Piglets and Reduction in Attractiveness of Faeces to FliesTo investigate the effect of dietary allicin on behaviour, health and growth performance of weanling piglets and on the attractiveness of faeces to flies, at 21 days of age,225 piglets were weaned and randomly allocated into 5 groups. Piglets in the control group were fed with diets supplemented with antibiotics. Those in the treatment groups were fed with diets without antibiotics, but supplemented with allicin product (25%pure allicin oil) in the proportion of 0.l0g/kg,0.15g/kg,0.20g/kg, and 0.25g/kg in the diet, respectively. During the 28 days experiment, average daily weight gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) increased quadratically (p<0.01) as the level of dietary allicin increased. The feed gain ratio decreased quadratically (p<0.01). The behaviour of piglets on an allicin supplemented diet differed from that of the control. The piglets with allicin supplement spent longer time in sleep (p<0.05), with nearly half of the observation period occupied by sleep. The piglets on an allicin diet spent less time in an alert state (p<0.05), less time fighting (p<0.01), less time for other activities including scratching (p<0.05) as compared to the control piglets. As the dietary allicin level increased, the incidence of diarrhoea in the treatment piglets especially female ones decreased linearly (p<0.01). The number of flies alighting on the surface of the faeces of the piglets at each time point decreased quadratically (p<0.01) as the dietary allicin level increased. More flies were attracted as the faeces were exposed to the environment for longer periods of time. In conclusion, supplementation of the diet with allicin was beneficial to the behaviour of weanling piglets, and may improve growth performance, reduce the incidence of diarrhoea and possibly improve local environmental conditions by reducing the attractiveness of faeces to flies.3 Effects of Yeast Extract Rich in Peptide on Performance, Meat Quality and Immune System Modulation of Piglets around WeaningTo investigate the effects of yeast extract rich in peptide on performance of piglets around weaning,30 litters crossbred piglets of Landrace-Large Yorkshire were selected and divided into three treatments at random (ten litters in each treatment), one litter as a replicate. All the piglets were raised in a same environment. Supplemental diet was fed since 7 days of age until 8 days after weaning. Dietary protein source of piglets in the control group (CT) was 5%spray dried plasma protein (SDPP). That in treatment 1 (T1) was 2.5%SDPP plus 2.5%yeast extract, and which in treatment 2 (T2) was 5%yeast extract. No difference was observed in weight gain, feed intake, feed gain ratio and diarrhoea ratio of the piglets between treatments. Feed cost per kg weight gain of weaned piglets in T1 was 0.15Y more than that of those in CT, while those in T2 was 1.08Y less than that of those in CT. Meat quality items did not show significant difference between treatments. In order to check its effect on immunity system modulation of piglets surround weaning, Ante-chamber vein blood (5ml) was sampled from randomly selected 6 male and 6 female piglets approaching average weight on 7th day from the animals arranged in experiment 5. So were 30 piglets from 15 litters in three treatments (2 piglets from each litter and 5 litters from every treatment) on 32nd day. Blood was heparinized and kept in body temperature for immune test in 2 hours. Result showed that the NK cytotoxicity (NKC) determined by 7-AAD pigmentation through flow cytometry of 32-day-old piglets was significantly lower than that of 7-day-old piglets (p<0.01). Phagocytosis ability of PMN had the similar trend to the NKC. The result of NKC for 32-day-old piglets showed that the mortality of target cells of the piglets in both of T2 and T1 were higher than that of those in the control group (CT), respectively (p<0.01). The phagocytosis ability of PMN of the 32-day-old piglets from T2 was stronger than that of piglets from CT (p<0.05, especially male piglets, p<0.01). Thymus item of piglets from T1 was smaller than that of those from CT (p<0.01). Spleen index of piglets from T1 was higher than that of those from CT (p<0.05; especially female piglets, p<0.01), while that of those from T2 showed a tendency to be higher than the CT (p<0.10). The area of the payer’s patches of piglets from T2 with 5%Yeast extract was significantly larger than that of those ifrom CT with 5% SDPP or T1 with 2.5%SDPP+2.5%Yeast extract (P<0.01). Other organ items did not show significant difference among treatments (>0.05). The duodenum villus height of the piglets from T1 and CT was higher than jejunum and ileum villus. The villus height from different part of small intestine of piglets from T2 did not show significant difference (> 0.05). So yeast extract is an ideal alternative to the plasma protein as a nature protein resource.更多还原