【作者】 李立新；

【导师】 漆多俊；

【作者基本信息】 中南大学 ， 管理科学与工程， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 现代法治国家意义上的法官管理制度是资产阶级革命以后的产物。经过几百年的发展,法治发达国家逐步建立起适合各国国情的法官管理制度。如果仅从产生来看,我国的法官管理制度早在几千年前就已建立,但现代意义上的法官管理制度的发展历史却比较短暂。新中国成立后我国建立起新的法官管理制度,并经过多次改革和完善。当前,我国法官管理制度改革的目标就是实现法官队伍的职业化。法官管理制度是指围绕审判权的行使而设定的,有关法官的地位、法官资格、法官任免、法官保障、法官教育培训、法官的惩戒等一系列管理规范的总称。其核心包括法官职业准入制度、法官职业培训制度、法官职业评价制度、法官职业保障制度四个方面。法官职业准入制度即法官选任制度。国外的法官选任制度主要包括任职资格、选任方式和选任程序三个方面的内容。我国法官职业准入制度存在诸多缺陷,如法官任职资格的规定不完善、选任机制不科学、缺乏遴选法官的特殊标准和程序,相关制度也不健全。关于任职资格,可以从法官候选人的范围、年龄条件、从事法律工作年限、不同级别法院法官任职资格的差异等方面进行完善；关于选任方式和程序,可以设立独立的专业机构负责法官选任及任前考核工作、提高任命主体的层次、细化选任程序等。此外,还应完善不合格法官的退出机制及其他配套措施。法官培训是指国家为了提高法官的素质和执法水平,通过各种途径和形式,有计划、有组织地对法官进行理论和业务方面的培养和训练。无论是英美法系的英国、澳大利亚,还是大陆法系的法国、德国和日本,其法官培训都有很长的历史且经验丰富。我国的法官培训制度还存在教育培训体制不科学、培训强制性不够、培训缺乏针对性、内容单一、缺乏优良的师资队伍、缺乏检测培训效果的考核机制等方面的问题。为了完善我国的法官培训制度,可以从建立全国统一的法官培训机制、明确培训目的、强化法官培训考核奖惩机制、严格培训内容、改进教学方法以及提高法官职业培训层级等方面进行完善。法官职业评价制度包括考核、奖励与惩戒、竞争上岗等机制。关于法官考核制度,我国尚未建立起与行政干部评价制度相区分的考核制度,而行政干部评价制度中的考核制度的考核内容与标准违反了司法活动规律、考核程序与方法简单化、考核结果使用不当。因此,改革我国法官考核制度可以从考核内容与标准、考核程序的设置、考核结果的使用等方面进行完善。关于法官的激励机制,我国无论是法官保障、法官地位还是法官晋升等机制都无法对法官形成有效的激励,因此应从上述三个方面进行完善。关于法官的惩戒机制,国外法官的惩戒范围往往受到严格的限制,惩戒的程序往往有着严格的限定,行使惩戒权的机关往往由职业法官掌握或参与。而我国的惩戒制度则是以裁判结果为指向,如院长引咎辞职制和错案追究制,这种导向是不合理的,我国应进行以不当行为为基点的惩戒制度的改革。关于我国的法官竞争上岗机制,在法治发达国家这种机制并不存在。这种机制有优点,但其消极影响是增强了法院管理的行政化色彩,忽略了法官职业的独立性要求,促进了其它权力对司法权的侵扰。法官竞争上岗制度的改革主要包括改革法官的行政等级设置等。在法治发达国家,法官的职业保障制度包括法官的终身制和退休制、固定的和充足的收入、有限的司法豁免等。我国法官职业保障制度存在保障制度不全面、保障制度不深入、职业保障地方化和行政化等问题,改革我国的法官保障制度,可以尝试建立高薪制、尝试建立法院的独立财政制度、完善退休制度、增加法院的行政职位数量、建立科学的法官罢免制度以及建立科学的法官职务停止制度。更多还原

【Abstract】 Judge management system in modern legal state is the result of bourgeois revolution. Legal states have established their own adaptive and increasingly perfecting judge management system through several centuries. The history of our judge management system has several thousand years, but the development history of modern judge management system is very short. New China established its own new judge management system and continually reformed and perfected it after 1949. Currently, the reform aim of our judge management system is to realize vocational judge procession.Judge management system is enacted around jurisdiction exertion, and it includes a series of management rules about judges’status, qualification, appoint and remove, safeguards, vocational training and discipline, etc.. The core of judge system includes judge vocation admittance system, training system, management system and safeguards system.Judge vocation admittance system is namely judge selection and appointment system. Foreign countries’ judge selection and appointment system includes selection and appointment qualification, mode and procedure. Our judge vocation admittance system exists a good many limitation, such as faulty provision of selection and appointment qualification, unscientific selection and appointment system, lacking special standard and procedure of selection and appointment, unfit relative system, etc.. We can perfect the appointment qualification from judge candidates’ range, age, legal work length and the difference of different level courts’ appointment qualification; perfect the selection and appointment mode and procedure by building independent speciality organization to select, appoint and check judge, by elevating level of appointment body, reifiering selection and appointment procedure, etc.. In addition, we should also perfect quitting mechanism of unqualified judge and other matching measures.Judge vocation training system is the all kinds of scheming and organizational training of theory and operation to advance judges’ diathesis and justice technique. There is a long history and rich experience of judge vocation training in U.K., Australia, France, Germany and Japan. Our judge vocation training system exists a good many of limitation, such as unscientific training system, lacking compulsion, lacking pertinency, monotone content, lacking excellent teachers, lacking examination system, etc.. We can perfect our judge vocation training system from building uniform judge training mechanism, defining training aim, intensifying rewards and punishment mechanism of training and examination, enactting strict training content, advancing training means and elevating level of judge training.Judge vocation evaluation system includes the mechanisms of examination, rewards and punishment, competitive vocation. Presently, our judge examination mechanism is not different from that of administration cadre evaluation system. The examination mechanism exists a good many of limitations in which content and standard disobey justice law, procedure and method is very simple, results is used unmerited. Therefore, we can perfect our judge examination mechanism from examination content and standard, procedure and results use. Our judge safeguards, status and promotion all can not inspirit judges effectively, so we should perfect it from the three aspects. In foreign countries, the judge discipline range is limited strictly, the discipline procedure is strict, and the power body usually is vocation judge. Our judge discipline system such as dean resignation and misjudged case liability system is charge upon judgment result, and this is not rational. We should reform our judge discipline system from charge upon misfeasance to judgment result. There is not competitive vocation mechanisms in legal states. The negative effect of competitive vocation in that such system intensify administration role of court evaluation, ignore the independency of judge vocation, and harm justice independency. We should reform competitive vocation mechanism mainly by reforming judge administration ranking.In legal states, judge vocation safeguards system include judge vocation for life and retire, fixed and rich earning, and limited justice exempt, etc.. Our judge vocation safeguards system exists a good many of limitations, such as incomplete, localized and administrative judge vocation safeguards system. To perfect our judge vocation safeguards system, we can try to build high-salaried system, court independent finance system, to perfect retire system, to add administration vocation, to build scientific judge dismissal and vocation stop system.更多还原