冷战后中美对非洲援助比较研究

【作者】 魏雪梅；

【导师】 刘建飞；

【作者基本信息】 中共中央党校 ， 国际政治， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 非洲一直在中国对外战略中具有重要地位,对非洲援助是发展中非关系、提升中国软实力、构建和谐世界的重要途径。非洲在美国的国际战略中虽不处于核心地位,但在其战略重要性日益增加。对非洲援助是美国追求对非洲政策目标的重要工具,也是美国重塑软实力的方式之一。美国的援非政策对非洲及其他援助国都有重要影响。美国越来越关注中国对非洲的援助,并评估中国在非洲影响力上升对美国的影响。中美在非洲相遇,援助将成为二者竞争与合作的重要领域。对中国来说,美国对非洲援助政策特别值得关注和研究。目前国内外对中国或者美国对非洲援助的研究虽然已经取得了一定成果,但还缺乏对中美援非的系统比较,国内和国际都存在对中国援非的某些误解。为了能为弥补这些缺憾有所贡献,本文在借鉴前人已有研究成果的基础上,客观比较中美在援非领域的异同点,总结出二者的长处和不足,并力图为中国提升对非洲援助水平提出有益建议。在研究方法上以马克思主义历史分析和辩证分析方法为主,同时综合运用比较分析、案例分析及统计分析等其它研究方法。绪论主要阐述了本选题的选题意义、国内外研究综述等,明确了论文所采用的对外援助定义。此外,还简要介绍了所使用的研究方法以及论文的创新之处。除绪论外,正文共有六章内容。第一章简要回顾了冷战期间中美对非洲援助的历史,重点梳理冷战后在变化了的国际国内背景下中美对非洲援助政策的调整和发展进程,分析其原因,并总结了各个阶段中美对非援助的特点。第二章主要阐述了中美对非洲援助理念的文化渊源。中国援助非洲的理念主要体现在历年来各项政策文件中对原则的规定方面,以中国传统文化中的“和合”文化为精神内核,受到国际主义原则的深刻影响,并发展出了互惠互利,共同发展的援助新理念。美国在援非时附加的政治、经济及价值观等条件反映出美国援非理念的特殊文化渊源,即基督教宗教文化传统、“上帝选民”和“天定命运”观,这已内嵌为美国现实主义和理想主义外交传统的文化内核的重要内容。此外,非裔美国人深受美国文化和非洲文化的双重影响,随着他们政治、经济地位的提高,双重文化的影响也日益体现。本章还从政治、经济和国际道义三个方面对中美援非的目标进行了系统比较,中美间也是既有许多共同之处,又存在较大差异。第三章着重比较中美对非洲各个地区的援助重点。经过比较发现:在台湾问题上是否坚持一个中国原则以及是否对中国友好是中国与各非洲国家关系正常发展的决定性因素,也在很大程度上决定了中国援助是否能够连贯实施。一方面,中国重视以援助推动与非洲各国经贸关系发展,另一方面,受援国的经济水平和实际需要也被纳入援助的考量范围。中国在坚持“不干涉内政”和“不附加任何政治条件”原则的前提下,侧重基础设施建设、文化、教育等关系民生的发展援助项目。这些体现出了中国援助较大的利他性。是否具有重要的安全、经济、能源价值是美国选择重点受援国的决定性因素。美国虽然重视通过援助促进受援国进行民主和自由化改革,但更重视受援国是否“亲美”并将之作为增加或削减援助的重要依据。受援国的经济发展水平和实际需要并不是美国援助的必然考虑因素。美国更倾向于实施能够在短期内显现效果的人道主义食品援助和健康医疗援助。这些反映出美国援助较强的利己性。第四章主要从中美援非的机制、方式及其他国家的评价等方面进行比较分析。在援非管理机制和方式上,中美间存在较大差异。在对其他国家尤其是非洲国家对中美援非的评价进行比较后发现,大多数非洲民众对中国和美国都持正面看法。虽然美国对非洲援助的绝对数量远远多于中国,但非洲民众对中国印象良好的比例高于美国,中国援助奉行不干涉内政原则和重视基础设施建设的做法赢得了非洲民众的普遍认可。美国在对中国援助非洲的评价方面正趋向于全面和积极。第五章选取苏丹作为个案,具体分析中美对苏丹援助的历史,援助目标的异同之处,并对南苏丹独立后中美援助的发展趋势进行展望。第六章主要在前文对中美援非的比较分析后对提高中国援非水平的一些思考。首先,总结了中美援助非洲优势和不足。其次,对中美在援非领域可能进行的对话与合作进行了分析。中美在援非领域的对话与合作具有重要意义,可以采取如下措施:鼓励非官方层面的援非对话与交流;促进官方对话交流从较低层级向较高级发展;建立中美援非联合委员会和工作小组;在适当的时候邀请相关非洲受援国参与。中美间要开展援非对话与合作可以从人道主义援助和医疗卫生援助这两个议题做出尝试。中美对非洲援助的对话与合作尚是一种设想,中国还将应对中美援非对话与合作机构不对口、美国国内政治因素影响以及中国如何把握话语权等诸多问题。最后,本章对中国提升援非水平提出政策建议:第一,应逐步完善中国对外援助机制,第二,应增加中国媒体对援非领域的关注度,第三,应做好非洲国家发展的前瞻性调研分析工作,第四,还应鼓励援非施工人员加强与当地的交流以增强进信任。更多还原

【Abstract】 Africa has been play an important role in China foreign strategy, aiding to Africa is a significant way in developing China-Africa relations, promoting China’s soft power and building a harmonious world. Although Africa is not the core in American international strategy, its strategic importance is increasing day by day. Aiding to Africa is an important tool to pursue the objectives of U.S.’s Africa policy and it is a way to remodel U.S.’s soft power. U.S.’s aiding policy to Africa has an important influence on African and other aid countries. U.S. is paying attention to China’s aid to Africa increasingly, and evaluating China’s rising influence in Africa which would have an impact upon American. China and the U.S. is encountering in African, aid will become important areas of competition and cooperation. For China, U.S.’s aiding policy to Africa is especially worth concerning and researching.At present, researches on China or U.S. aid to Africa have obtained some achievements at home and abroad, but it still lack of systematic comparison of China-U.S. foreign aid to Africa, there have some misunderstandings exist in both domestic and international. In order to contribute to remedy these defects, based on taking example of the existing research results, this paper compared the differences and similarities in China-U.S. aiding to Africa objectively, summed up the advantages and disadvantages of both, and tried to put forward beneficial recommendations to improve the level of China aiding to African. The main research methods are Marxist historical analysis and dialectical analysis method, and the comparison analysis, case analysis, statistical analysis as well as other methods were be used comprehensive.The introduction of this paper mainly expounded the significance of this topic, summarized the study situation at home and abroad, made certain the definition of the foreign aid which this paper adopted, and so on. In addition, the introduction introduced the research methods and the innovations of this paper in brief. The text has six chapters in addition to the introduction.The first chapter briefly reviewed the history of China-U.S. aiding to Africa during the Cold-war. The focuses are the adjustment and development process of China-U.S.’s aiding policy to Africa under the changed background in domestic and international after the Cold-war. It analyzed the causes, and summarized the characteristics of China-U.S.’s aiding policy to Africa at every stage.The second chapter mainly expounds the culture sources of ideas in China-U.S. aiding to Africa. The concepts of China aiding to Africa are mainly embodied in the principles which formulated by various policy documents in years go by. It used the“He he”culture of the China traditional culture as the kernel spirit, deeply influenced by the internationalism principles, developed aiding new idea of developing together by mutual benefit. The U.S.’s aid to Africa always has additional conditions on political, economic, and values. It reflects the special culture sources in ideas of U.S.’s aid to Africa, that is Christian religious culture tradition, the sense of“god’s chosen people”and“Manifest Destiny”, these have embodied as important components of culture kernel in American’s realism and idealistic foreign traditional. Furthermore, African Americans are dual influenced by American and Africa culture. Along with their status ascending in political and economic, the effects of dual culture are also reflecting increasingly. The chapter also systematically compared the targets of China-U.S. aiding to Africa from the political, economic and international morality three aspects. There have much in common, and have big differences.The third chapter focused on comparing emphasis which China-U.S. aiding to different regions of Africa. In comparison: The factors which determine the relationship can be developed normally between China and African countries are whether adhering to the one-china principle on the Taiwan issue and whether be friendly towards China, it also determines to a large extent whether China’s aid can be implement coherently. On the one hand, China attaches great importance to use foreign aid to advance economic and trade relationship with African countries, on the other hand, the level of economic development and actual need of recipients are also taken into consideration of aiding. Based on persisting in the principle of“non-interference in internal affairs”and“never attached any political conditions”, China’s assistance emphasizing in development aid projects such as infrastructure construction, culture, education, etc, which have close relationship with people’s livelihood. These reflect that China’s aid has larger altruism. Whether recipients have important value in security, economic and energy is the decisive factor which America selects the key recipients. The United States attach importance to use aid to promote the democratic and liberal reform in recipients, but it pay more attention to whether recipient is“pro-American”and this is the significant evidences to U.S. in increasing or cutting aid. The level of economic development and actual need of recipients are not be factored necessarily in U.S. aid. The United States tends much more to implement humanitarian food aid and health medical assistance which can appear effects in the short term. These reflect that U.S.’s aid has larger egoism.The fourth chapter basically comparatively analyzed China-U.S. aiding to Africa from the mechanism, channels and other countries’estimates, etc. There are more differences in mechanism and channels between China and U.S. aiding to Africa. It found that most Africans have positive view to both China and America after comparing other countries’especially African countries’evaluation on China-U.S. aiding to Africa. Even though the absolute number of U.S.’s aid to Africa is far more than China’s, but proportion that Africans have good impression to China is higher than to America, China’s aid won general recognition of the African people by pursuing the principle of non-interference in internal affairs and paying attention to the infrastructure construction. The evaluation which comes from United States is tending to comprehensive and positive on China’s aid to African. Chapter five selected Sudan as a case study. It specific analyzed the history of China-U.S. aid to Sudan, the similarities and differences of aid targets, and discussed the trend of China-U.S.’s aid after south Sudan’s independence.In above of comparatively analyzed China-U.S. aid to Africa, the sixth chapter basically raised some thinking about improving the level of China aid to Africa. First, it summarized the advantages and disadvantages of China-U.S. aid to Africa. Secondly, it analyzed the possible dialogue and cooperation in the field of China-U.S. aid to Africa. The dialogue and cooperation is important in the field of China-U.S. aid to Africa, the following measures can be adopted: encourage dialogue and exchange in the field of aid to Africa at unofficial levels; Promote the official communication developing from the lower level to the higher; Establish China-U.S. joint committee and the working group in aiding to Africa; Invite related African recipient to participate at the right time. To develop the dialogue and cooperation in the field of China-U.S. aid to Africa can start trying from these two issues– humanitarian assistance and medical aid. The dialogue and cooperation in the field of China-U.S. aid to Africa is still a kind of conceive, China will also face many problems, such as the agencies of China-U.S. aid to Africa are not match in dialogue and cooperation, the effects of domestic political in America and how would China grasp the right to speak, etc. Finally, this chapter put forward some suggestions to elevate the level of China aid to Africa: first, China’s mechanism of foreign aid should be improvement gradually, second, China’s media should pay more attention to the field of aiding to Africa, third, China should do well in prospective investigation analysis work about African countries’development, fourth, China should also encourage constructors of aiding to Africa communicate with local to enhance mutual trust.更多还原