【作者】 杨晓梅；

【导师】 王学俭；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 马克思主义中国化研究， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 社会建设理论概念的提出,完善了中国特色社会主义社会事业的总体布局,是中国共产党治国理政思路的重大转变,以此为起点,中国进入了一个以社会建设带动整体建设、以社会改革带动整体改革的全面发展的崭新阶段。当代中国“社会建设”概念被提出并受到党和国家的高度重视,与中国共产党发展观的转变息息相关。党执政理念和执政方式历经四代中央领导集体的艰辛探索与实践,从“发展是硬道理”到“科学发展观”、从“一切以经济建设为中心”到“经济、政治、文化、社会全面发展”、从改善民生是为分享发展成果到把改善民生与经济增长紧密结合,经历了长达半个世纪的曲折历程,体现了党对建设中国特色社会主义的规律有了新的认识。进入公共管理时代,在社会主义市场经济条件下,社会建设的主体不应当是单一的,政府部门只是社会建设的责任主体,社会组织以及企业部门一起构成社会建设中的不可或缺的主体。当前在社会建设实践中,三大部门关系不十分明晰,特别突出的是政府力量很强大,社会组织没有发挥自己应有的功能,还不能有效的弥补市场失灵、政府失灵和发挥参与社会管理的作用。在新时期社会建设中,政府、社会组织的角色应当合理定位,改革制约社会组织发展的体制机制,进一步改善社会组织发展的制度环境,使其成长为社会建设的一支重要主体力量,既是深化行政体制改革的重要途径,也是我国社会建设的必经之路。改善和保障民生,是当代中国最为紧迫的问题。民生问题直接体现政府发展社会事业的能力与行为,反映一定时期国家和政府对社会公平正义的制度安排和政策导向,也最能体现出执政党和政府治国理政的理念。目前改善民生要在就业问题、收入分配问题、住房价格和社会保障问题、教育和医疗卫生事业等方面进一步加强。改善民生,重在加强社会事业建设。由于社会制度与社会政策的失衡与短缺,我国社会事业发展严重滞后。党和政府发展观的演变以及国家经济实力的提升为发展社会事业提供了有利的条件。发展社会事业,主要从四方面着手：推进政府职能转变,扩大政府公共服务职能；改革财税体制,确保财政对发展社会事业的支持；发展农村社会事业,改善农村民生：深化民生领域的管理体制改革,着力保障和改善民生。市场经济条件下,由于我国社会经济急剧转型,使得社会结构处于失衡状态,突出表现为以占有大量资源为特征的强势群体和以拥有大量人口为特征的弱势群体的社会分野局面形成。不合理的阶级阶层结构,导致我国社会关系结构的重大变化。优化社会阶级阶层结构,理顺各阶层之间的关系,是构建和谐社会的核心内容。当前我国社会结构呈现出五方面特点：一是阶层间差距拉大倾向,贫富差别悬殊；二是底层群体弱势化、边缘化倾向；三是中间阶层规模小,社会结构紧张显现；四是阶层固化倾向,底层向上流动渠道日益变窄；五是强势精英群体结盟倾向,影响国家政策的制定。优化社会阶层结构：第一要改革收入分配制度,缩小阶层间差距；第二要努力发展经济,创造就业岗位,减少低收入群体的数量；第三要建立合理流动机制,积极打造中产阶级；第四要大力推进城乡一体化发展。市场经济的发展、所有制结构的变动和社会流动加剧三方面原因使得社区建设成为我国社会建设和社会管理的基础。我国城市社区存在的主要问题有：一是社区自治组织不成熟,阻碍了社区自治的发展。由于体制机制的原因,居民委员会承担了大量的行政事务,始终不能摆脱“政府的腿”的地位,使其自治功能无法发挥,导致居民对其认同感降低；二是社区社会组织发育不完善,影响社区服务业的发展。由于政社不分体制的根本原因,社区社会组织缺乏应有的独立地位,使其社会作用未能充分发挥出来；三是社区居民参与意识不强,社区可持续发展动力不足。主要表现在缺乏参与意识、参与内容有限、参与率低、参与低效和参与的制度化程度低；四是法制化不健全,社区自治法律缺位；五是社区财力有限,影响社区建设的长远规划。推进社区建设,前提是要理顺政府与社区的关系,明确政府和社区各自的职责；居民参与是社区发展的基础和动力,要逐步推进直接选举和竞争选举,建立居民参与社区管理的制度化机制；要大力培育社区自治组织,以解决大政府负担过重的问题；以提升公共服务质量为中心,拓展社区服务的类型与机制。我国社会结构的深刻变化、经济发展方式的深刻转变、改革进入攻坚阶段以及解决社会深层次矛盾与需求,都客观上要求必须深化行政体制改革,创新与加强社会管理。当前我国社会管理存在的突出问题是：政府职能缺位、越位、错位现象严重,社会管理责任主体作用未能有效发挥；公民社会发育不成熟,社会管理协同、参与主体作用受到约束；社会管理运行机制不完善；二元社会管理体制特征突出。创新社会管理体制的路径选择：以建设服务型政府为目标,加快政府职能转变和定位；以加强公共服务为基本思路,分类推进事业单位改革,打破事业单位一统天下的局面,积极促进社会力量参与社会公益服务；调整社会治理模式,促进公民社会协同发展；建立和完善社会管理运行机制；改革城乡二元社会管理体制,实现城乡公共服务的均等化。更多还原

【Abstract】 The introduction of the concept of social construction theory, not only improve the socialism cause with Chinese characteristics but also a major shift thinking of the Communist Party of China’s overall layout to governing the country, as a starting point, China has entered a new stage of a whole constructive society to promote social reform the comprehensive development of country.With the close change of development, nowadays the introduction of the concept of "social construction" has pay close attention by our party and country. The governing philosophy and the pattern through four generations of central government’s difficult exploration and practice, from the "Development is the last word" to the "scientific development", from "all the things for the economic construction" to "the comprehensive development of the economy, politics,culture and the society", from improving people’s livelihood in order to share the achievement to integrated closely with the improving livelihood and economy, experiencing the half century’s tortuous course, which reflects the party’s new understanding of the discipline of the construct the socialism with Chinese characteristics.To clarify the relationship between social construction’s subject and object has immense significance for the social construction and management. Entering into the era of public administration, under the condition of market economy of socialism, the subject of social construction should not be single, the government is only the main core of social construction, social organizations and business sector all together constitute of essential subject the social construction. Under the current situation of the social construction, the relationships are not very clear among the three departments, especially the outstanding forces of the government, social organizations not only can not play their proper function, but can not play their role when the market is failure, government is failure and to reduce the cost of social management. During the new period of social construction, the key problem must be solved is to set reasonable position for the government and social organizations.The most pressing issue of contemporary China is to improving and protecting livelihood. People’s livelihood is directly reflects government’s capability and behavior to improve the social course, reflects the institutional arrangements and policy-oriented of country and government’s justice in certain period of time, meanwhile that can reflects the governing philosophy of the country and the government. Therefore, the strategic priority of contemporary China’s social construction is t developing the social course, protecting and improving people’s livelihood. The main reason for the lag of the social undertakings are social institution and social policy’s imbalance and shortage. The change of the government’s development and the improve of the economy are provided favorable conditions for the social undertakings. To develop of the social undertakings, mainly from four aspects:promoting the transformation of government functions and expanding the government’s public service functions; reforming the taxation system, ensuring financial support for the development of social undertakings; developing social undertakings in rural areas, improving rural people’s livelihood; deepening the field of livelihood management system to ensure and improve people’s livelihood.Under the condition of market economy, because of the rapid social and economic transformation, which making the social structure in an unbalanced state, the most prominent characterize is hold by a lot of resources take up by strong groups, and a large population by vulnerable groups. Unreasonable class structure resulting in the structure of the major changes in social relations. Therefore, to optimize the social class structure, rationalize the relationship among the various sectors are the core of building a harmonious society. Nowadays the characteristics of our society:firstly, the trend of the class are expanding, the wide gap between wealth and poor; secondly, the trend of underclass people are vulnerable and marginalized; thirdly, the small size of the middle class, social structure appeared nervous, fourthly, the class tend to curing, the channel become more and more narrow to upward mobility; lastly, the elite groups tend to form an alliance that influence the nation’s policy making. To optimize the class structure we should start from four aspects:firstly, reforming the income distribution system to narrow the gap between classes. We should start from the wage system and the tax system reform, to open the public budgets, compressed administrative costs, and play function of financial allocation and regulation; secondly, try to develop the economy, create more jobs, and reduce the number of low-income groups. In order to ensure fully employment, and reduce unemployment maximumly, we must accelerate economic development, particularly to develop more employment opportunities in the tertiary industry; thirdly, to establish a reasonable flow mechanism, and actively build the middle class. For a one hand, a smooth channel of social mobility should to break the monopoly, and to encourage entrepreneurship, for the other hand, we must reform the current education system, through education to change the fate of more vulnerable groups, for the end, to get rid of urban-rural dual system, promote rural-urban mobility. The key is to reform the current household registration system; fourthly, to promote integrated development of urban and rural areas. For the one hand, eliminating erroneous understanding, and establish the correct concept of integrated development of urban and rural areas. For the other hand, we must work hard to accelerate the urbanization process, reform the household registration system, promote the integration of urban and rural infrastructure construction and other work.International experience and practice of Chinese society, requiring the community building should be the foundation for building the path of our society. Since the reform and opening up of China, for the needs of practice and the convenience of life, the meaning of the community has a great changes for a long time, by the emphasis for its regional factors gradually shifted to the common emotions and values. The development of market economy, changes of ownership structure and social mobility increased are the three main reasons of community construction, which makes the foundation of the social construction and social management. The main reasons in our social community:firstly, the autonomy organizations of social community are immature, hindered the development of community autonomy. For the reason of institutional and mechanism, the residents committee take a lot of administrative affairs, still can not get rid of the position of "the Government’s leg", so that self-government functions can not play, causing residents reduce their identity; secondly, not fully development of community social organization, effect the development of community services. Regardless of the main cause of political and social system, the social community lack of independent status, and can not play inadequate social role; thirdly, the community residents has not strong sense of community involvement, lack sustainable community development power. Mainly in the field, such as lack sense of participation, the participation in the content limited, low participation rate, inefficient low of participation and involvement of inefficient; Fourthly, the legal system is not perfect, absence of community autonomy law; lastly, limited financial resources, affect the community long-term building planning.Reinforcing and innovating social management has the significant meaning. The change of social structure, the transform of the economic development, and to solving and addressing deep-seated contradictions and demand in society when we entered a crucial stage of reform, objectively requiring deepen administrative reform, innovating and strengthening social management. Nowadays, the current problems of social management are the absence of government functions, and offside dislocation, the object of social management responsibility can not play the effectively role; the civil society immature, social management cooperation, participate in the main role has been constrained; community management and operation mechanism are not perfect; the binary system of social management has prominent features. Innovation social management system, focus on the following things:firstly, accelerate the transformation of government functions and position, and strengthen the government’s public service functions. Transformation of government functions from two aspects:change the traditional management concept and establish servicing government targets. Secondly, is to promote the reform of institutions, break the dominance of public institutions. From the point view of structure and mechanism, adjusting and standardizing the conduct of public affairs relations; strengthening public service as the basic idea, promote the reform of institutions; to break the monopoly of state-owned institutions, complete the social community autonomy of urban and rural area; cultivate and develop social organizations, absorb more social organizations to join in the social management; and increase public participate in social management; fourthly establish and improve the social management mechanism. To build a scientific and democratic operation mechanism, to establish and improve the social management institutional system, in order to achieve the equalization of urban and rural public services.更多还原