【作者】 赵晓峰；

【导师】 贺雪峰；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 社会学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 本研究的叙述主线是湖北省岳平县农村建国以来六十余年基层治理模式的变迁历程,探讨的核心理论问题是国家政权建设的社会基础问题,即村庄视域中国家政权建设的一般性规律问题,回应的重大现实问题是国家与农民之间的关系问题。公与私,不仅是一个看法、一种观念、一套规则,而且还是型塑社会秩序、影响基层治理模式变迁、决定国家政权建设走向的地方文化认同性力量。本研究引进“大私”的分析概念,尝试性地建构了一个理解农民公私观念的理想图式,认为自宋以来,宗族和以宗族为内在基础的村庄是农民认同的一个重要的“大私”单位。它阻隔了国家与农民之间的直接联系,塑造了农民特殊主义逻辑的日常政治品性,使农民在世代延续中形成了“以群(宗族、自然村)为重,以己为轻”的群我主义行为逻辑,以致肇始于百余年前的国家政权建设不得不面对农民“有宗族认同而无国族认同”的政治社会信任局面。本研究提出了“公私秩序”的分析概念,从农民的公私观念出发,探讨了公域、私域各自的社会秩序形成机制,及公域与私域之间秩序的承接与转换机制。公域,是传统农民缺乏认知,近现代农民正在逐步增加认知的领域,里面通行的是普遍主义逻辑的法律法规、制度、政策；私域,是个体农民和“自己人单位”日常生活政治实践的场域,承载着农民的超越信仰和俗世生活,持续锻造了农民特殊主义取向的行为逻辑,构成国家政权建设的社会基础。由于公域和私域里的秩序机制是二元对立的,如何顺应形势发展的需要,构建一个秩序的承接与转换机制就成为阶段性的国家政权建设必须面对的重大现实问题。本研究认为理想状态的公私秩序机制是国家以农村基层组织为载体,通过合法性授权,将“私域”里自然生成的村庄内生权威合法化为体制所承认和接纳的具有介入“公务”身份的基层干部,使最基层的权力主体兼具“国家授权的合法性和农民自发的认同感”,具备“小公”与“大私”的双重权力属性,使之在基层治理实践中能够灵活运用“化‘公’为‘私’”及“‘公’缺‘私’补”等治理技术,将国家普遍主义逻辑运作的法律法规、制度、政策转化成农民认可并接受的地方性规范,以完成国家现代化过程中接连不断的阶段性任务和目标,并维持一个相对稳定和谐的乡村社会秩序。以公私秩序为理论分析框架,本研究将岳平地区中国共产党领导下的革命、建设与发展史划分为四个阶段：立“大公”、灭“大私”、救“小私”；立“大公”、灭“大私”、抑“小私”；立“大公”、抑“大私”、重“小私”；立“大公”、重“大私”、平(衡)“小私”。由此得出村庄视域中国家政权建设的一般规律,即公私定律为无论政权建设的阶段性目标是什么,只要农民的“自己人认同”意识没有完全消失,国家都必须将最基层的治理主体建立在最能够整合农民“自己人单位”内部资源的基础之上,打破“公”与“私”的隔膜关系,使国家之“公”与农民之“私”衔接起来,使“小公”和“大私”能够成为一体,以建构最有效的基层治理模式。实践证明,任何时候的农村政治体制变革,一旦背离了公私定律的规定性内涵,试图在远离“大私”的层级构建“小公”的治理体制,或使村庄内生资源失去治理价值,政权建设就会走弯路,基层治理就会陷入困境,地方社会秩序也难以得到基本的保证。更多还原

【Abstract】 This thesis narrates mainly changes of rural primary governance model during more than sixty years since the founding of Yue Ping county in Hu Bei province,and explores the social base of building the most primary governance system for solving effectively the problem about the relationship between the state and peasants.Gong and Si represent not only a view, a concept, a set of rules, but also the force of local cultural identity which can shape the social order, affecting the changes of primary governance model and deciding on the trend of state regime construction.The study introduces the analysis concept of "Da Si" which attempt to construct an ideal schema for understanding peasants’concept of Gong and Si, and considers that clans and clan-based villages are an important "Da Si" unit of peasants’identity since Song dynasty. It obstructed the direct link between the state and farmers, shaped peasants’daily political character of specialism logic, and made possible the traditional peasants’action logic being collectivism that they pay more attention to group but less to individuals, which caused state regime construction originated over a hundred years ago have to face the political and social trust situation of peasants " with clan identity but no national identity".This thesis proposes the analysis concept of "Gong and Si order", explores the social order formation mechanism of the public domain and private domain as well as the order undertaking and conversing mechanism between them from the perspective of peasants’Gong and Si concept. The public domain absent in the mind of traditional peasants is recognized increasingly by modern peasants, in which laws and regulations, system, policy of universalism logic prevail; The private domain is daily political practice field of the individual and clan carrying the faith and secular life of farmers and forging continually farmers’behavior logic with a specialism orientation, which forms the social basis of state regime building. The order mechanism of the public domain and private domain is dualism, so it is a significant practical problem for state regime phased construction how to adapt the needs of situation development to build order undertaking and conversing mechanism.The paper considers that the ideal mechanism of Gong and Si order takes rural grass-roots organizations as the national carrier, transforms endogenous authority naturally occurring in the village for grassroots cadres with intervention "public" identity who are admitted and are accepted by the system through the legitimate authority, so that the grassroots power subjects possess "the legitimacy of state authority and peasants’ spontaneous identity" and the dual power property of "xiao Gong" and "da Si",which can use flexibly the governance skills such as "changing Gong to Si" and "complementing Gong with Si" in the practice of primary governance to transform laws and regulations, systems and policies to be operated by state universalism logic into local norms accepted by peasants. The ideal mechanism of Gong and Si order can complete successive tasks and objectives in the process of national modernization and maintain a relatively stable and harmonious rural order.The thesis takes the Gong and Si order as theoretical analysis framework and divides the history of revolution, construction and development in Tie Shan district under the leadership of Communist Party of China into four stages:establishing "da Gong", eliminating "da Si", rescuing "xiao Si"; establishing "da Gong", eliminating "da Si", restraining "xiao Si"; establishing "da Gong", restraining "da Si", valuing "xiao Si"; establishing "da Gong", valuing "da Si", balancing "xiao Si". Therefore, Gong and Si law is the general law of state regime construction from the perspective of village, whether what the stage goal of state regime construction is, as long as the farmers’consciousness of clan identity does not disappear completely, the state must establish the most primary governance subject on the basis of integrating fully farmers’internal resources for breaking the alien relationship between "Gong" and "Si" and linking up "Gong" of the state and "Si" of peasants, so that "xiao Gong" and " Da Si" can be integrated to construct the most effective grass-roots governance. It is proved that, at any time the political system transform in rural areas once departing from the connotation of Gong and Si law, and trying to construct governance mechanism of "xiao Gong " staying away from "da Si’ or making aquatic resources within the village lose the value of governance, the regime construction will take a detour, grass-roots governance will be in trouble, the local social order is difficult to get the basic guarantee.更多还原