【作者】 潘崇；

【导师】 元青；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 一九0五年六月十四日(7月16日),清政府颁布派遣王公大臣出洋考察的谕旨,标志着清政府迈出了推行政治改革的关键一步,是“预备立宪”的起点。谕旨甫颁,即引发了国内外的广泛关注。国内舆论普遍对该举措持欢迎态度,将其视为政府开始进行宪政改革的标志,并纷纷提出建言。国外舆论亦认为此举展示了清政府改革的新气象,同时,不少国外舆论鉴于遣使之举发生于日俄战争之后,认为其目的在于参与日俄和议。清政府极为重视此次考察团的准备工作,从人员选拔到资金筹措,无不超过以往的规格。考察团随带的数十名随从人员,大多为时代精英,不少人具有留学经历,数量之多、素质之高是前所未有的。考察经费由各省分任筹措,各省认筹态度积极,然而在汇解认筹经费时则态度为之一变,致使考察经费迟迟不能到位。八月二十六日(9月24日),考察团在正阳门车站启行时,遭到吴樾炸弹袭击,该事件引发了社会各界的广泛评论。总体而言,清政府得到舆论更多的同情,而革命派则遭到舆论界的批判。经历此次暗杀事件,考政大臣及随从人员的心理皆发生不小波动,再加上其它原因,考政大臣徐世昌、绍英不再出行,随从人员亦有不再出行者,考察团因此重组。又经过两个多月的筹备,在舆论界的一再催促下,两路考察团终于分别出行。由载泽、尚其亨、李盛铎率领的一路考察团主要考察日本、英国、法国、比利时四国,采取邀请国外政治专家演讲和实地参观相结合的考察方法,重点考察各国的政治制度,兼及工矿企业及社会公共事业。由戴鸿慈、端方率领的一路考察团主要考察美国、德国、奥地利、俄国、意大利五国,主要采取实地参观的方式,考察范围相当广泛,政治制度、文化教育、工矿企业、社会公共事业、等等,皆为考察团所关注。两路考察团为了商榷政见,实现归国后行动上的有效配合,出行前即约定在瑞士会合,后由于经费缺乏及时间所限,改在比利时相见。中国驻外各钦使对考察团负有接待之责,积极与各国政府联络,并对考察团的考察行程、考察项目多所安排。倾向立宪的留学生对考察团反应热烈,纷纷为考察团提出建言,并有少数留学生加入考察团协助考察。各国政府普遍对考察团的到来给予热情欢迎,并派出专员负责接待事宜,国外舆论界也较为关注考察团的考察行程。从中外关系的角度看,此次考察联络了邦交、展示了中国的改革形象。在考察团出洋考察期间,国内舆论普遍热切期望考察团考有所得,归国后能够大有作为,除了关注考察团行程外,并对考察团多有建言。由于立宪问题在立宪派和清朝统治集团部分人中间形成了某种共鸣,与清政府处于对立地位的革命派确实产生了担忧,如果清廷真的能够推行宪政,革命将很难发动。于是革命派不遗余力地揭露清廷立宪的虚伪性,五大臣出洋考察则成为革命派批判清政府假立宪的焦点事件,形成反对清政府立宪的第一个舆论高潮。考察团归国后,通过上奏条陈、编译书籍等途径表达了政治见解,指陈中国应仿效日本的君主立宪政体进行政治改革,并提出模仿日本将官制改革作为中国宪政改革的第一个步骤。清政府采纳了考察团的建言,在考察团归国不久即颁布了“仿行宪政”的诏旨,实际上确立了师法日本的宪政改革纲领。应该说,五大臣出洋考察政治的目的基本上达到了。更多还原

【Abstract】 On July 16,1905,the Qing government promulgated an imperial edict to send a mission investigating policy abroad,marking the Qing government had taken a key step in the implementation of constitutionalism,which was the starting point of the Qing government’s political reform.The edict triggered widespread attention at home and abroad.Domestic public opinion generally welcomed and regarded it as a sign of the Qing government turning to a constitutional Government,and having made various suggestions.Foreign public opinion regarded it showing the Qing government’s new atmosphere of reform.At the same time,the mission took place after the Russo-Japanese War,the foreign public opinion also wonder its purpose was participating in the Russo-Japanese discussion.The Qing government attaches great importance to the preparation of the mission especially the attaches selection and financing which exceeded the previous specifications.The mission came with dozens of attaches,most of them were elite of that times and many had studied abroad.The fund of the mission was raised by the provinces which generally had positive attitude,however,their attitude changed when remitted their identified money.August 26(September 24),the mission started their trip at the Zhengyangmen stations,where WuYue attemptted to assassinate the five commissioners.The incident led to extensive comments.In general,the public opinion gave more sympathy to Qing government but the revolutionaries were subjected to opinion criticism.After the incident,almost all the commissioners and attaches have taken place psychologically fluctuations,also the mission therefore recomposed.After another long time’preparation,with the public opinion’s repeated urge,the two-way missions began their road again.One mission headed by ZaiZe、ShangQiheng and LiSheng Duo which mainly investigated Japan、Britain、France and Belgium.Their examination method combined invited political experts giving lectures and site visits,focusing on the political system、public utilities、enterprises and social utilities.The other mission headed by DuanFang and DaiHongci which mainly investigated the United States、Germany、Austria, Russia and Italy.Their main examination method was taking wide spectrum site visits in order to study political systems、culture、education、enterprises、social utilities,etc.For the purpose of negotiating political views,the two-way missions decided to meet in Switzerland,and finally met in Belgium.Chinese embassies had the reception responsibility,who actively in touch with foreign governments determining the programs and itinerary of investigating. Overseas students of China who were inclined to constitutionalism gave the mission very warm welcome. They offered their proposals to the mission, also a small number of students added to the mission to assist investigation. Foreign governments generally gave warm welcome to the mission’s arrival and sent director helping the mission. Also the foreign public opinion watched to see the mission’s tour. From the perspective of China-Foreign relationship, this mission strengthened China’s diplomatic environment and showed China’s reform image. The domestic public opinion gave the mission high ecpectation during its visit abroad. As the constitutional party and part of the government officials form a kind of resonance in constitutionalism, so the revolutionary party did have a concern that if the Qing government was really able to implement constitutionalism, the revolution will be difficult to launch. So the revolutionary party spared no effort to expose hypocrisy of the Qing government’political reform and the mission became the one of the most important target. When the mission returned, the commissioners and their attaches compiled books and memorials which expressed their political opinions. Their key point was China should follow the example of Japan’s constitutional monarchy, also should imitate Japan taking bureaucracy reform as the first step of constitutional reform. Undoubtedly, these suggestions were essentially adopted by Qing government. After the mission’return, Qing government promulgated an edict which determined constitutional reform as national policy. In this sense, the mission’s return its mission should be said to be completed.更多还原