【作者】 田晔林；

【导师】 李俊清；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 生态学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 北京百花山自然保护区是以保护暖温带华北石质山地次生落叶阔叶林生态系统为主的自然保护区,在此开展苔藓植物多样性研究,能在较大程度上反映华北石质山地苔藓植物多样性的特点。因此,本文从苔藓植物区系、物种多样性及植物群落三个层次对百花山苔藓植物进行研究,旨在了解百花山苔藓植物的物种资源、区系特征、物种多样性及群落的基本特征,为该区苔藓植物多样性保护提供理论依据。(1)采用形态学、比较解剖学的方法鉴定约3000份标本,得知该区苔藓植物有38科,106属,288种(包括种以下单位)。中山落叶阔叶林苔藓植物带苔藓植物最多,共36科93属242种。植物区系中北温带成分占59.6%,东亚成分15.2%,中国特有成分10%,热带成分4.40%。区系分析采用物种丰富度指数、属、种相似性系数和极点排序的方法,得知该区苔藓植物区系属华北区。(2)通过样方调查、室内标本鉴定,将苔藓植物群落分为水生群落、石生群落、土生群落和木生群落四种类型。水生群落最少,石生群落最多。(3)采用物种多样性指数和相似性系数对8类森林植被中苔藓植物物种多样性进行研究,得出：①地面生苔藓植物13科31属65种。白桦林、油松林和落叶阔叶混交林应成为生物多样性保护的重点植被类型。针叶林和落叶阔叶林内苔藓植物多样性指数高于草甸和灌丛类。②树附生苔藓植物14科22属38种。附生于白桦的苔藓植物Shannon-Weiner指数最大,辽东栎Patrick指数最大,这与树种所处的环境、树皮的性质、湿度有关。树附生苔藓植物物种多样性指数与海拔关系的回归分析表明各项物种多样性指数与海拔的关系不显著。③腐木生苔藓植物10科15属23种,很不丰富。与百花山植被的林龄小有关,定期研究,对植被的发育和演替可起指示作用。(4)地面生苔藓植物生态位宽度用Levins(1968)指数和Shannon-Wiener指数测度,得知大部分种类生态位宽度不大,利用资源能力差。生态位重叠值用Horn(1966)重叠指数测度,得知地面生苔藓植物表现出较显著生态位重叠,各物种利用资源的差异性不明显。(5)用CANOCO for Windows 4.5对37个样地地面生苔藓植物进行典范对应分析,作出样地—环境因子、物种—环境因子双序图,得知影响地面生苔藓植物分布的环境因子是乔木郁闭度、海拔、灌木盖度、基质、人为干扰和草本层盖度。更多还原

【Abstract】 Baihua Mountain Nature reserve, a national nature reserve in Beijing, features warm-temperate secondary deciduous broad-leaved forest of lithoid hills in North China. We study bryophytes diversity in Baihua Mountain area which reflects largely the characteristics of the bryophytes diversity of lithoid hills in North China. The study on the bryoflora, species diversity of bryophytes community aims to understand the characters of species number, bryoflora and species diversity and community and provide the theoretical bases for the protection of bryophytes diversity in Baihua Mountain.(1) By using morphology and plant comparative anatomy methods, we identify nearly 3000 specimen collected from 2004-2009. The result shows a total of 288 species (including subspecies and varieties) in 106 genera of 38 families were found in Baihua Mountain. The high number of bryophytes species were found at the elevation of 1000-1900m. As to geographical elements, North temperate is dominant (59.6%of the total element) with East-Asian elements the second place (15.2%of the total elements) and Endemic to China elements the third place(10.0% of the total elements), and Tropical elements account for a considerably smaller part(4.4% of the total elements). The analysis of bryoflora in Baihua Mountan is conducted through the method of species richness index and genus coefficient and species coefficient and polar ordination,the results show the position of Mt. Baihua at distribution types of the bryophytes belongs to North China.(2) Four types of bryophytes communities were recognizied:Hydrophytia, Petrophytia, Geophytia and Epixytlophytia. Petrophytia is the dominant one and the Hydrophytia is scarce.(3) The diversity patterns of bryophyte are studied through the analysis of coefficient of similarity and diversity index. The conclusion is as follows:①Ground-floor bryophytes Patrick index is 65. The similarities between Pinus tabulaeformis forest and decideuous broad-leaved forest are the highest, the result was put forward that the Pinus tabulaeformis forest is a key for bryophyte diversity conservation in Mt.Baihua. And Betula platyphylla forest have different species from other forest, so it should be paid attention to in Mt. Baihua. The diversity index of coniferous forest and decideuous broad-leaved forest is higher than that of meadow and Vitex negundo shrub.②Patrick index of bryophytes on tree is 38. Shannon-Weiner index of bryophytes on Betula platyphylla is the highest, while the Quercus liaotungensis trees boast the highest Patrick index of bryophytes. These index have a high correlation with environment, bark and humidity. The relationships between the diversity index to bryophytes on different trees and the elevation is not remarkable.③Patrick index of bryophytes on rotten tree is 23, the lower number shows the bryophytes on rotten tree have a correlation with forest age. Periodical study should indicate the development and succession.(4) The niche breadths and overlaps of main species are measured with a series of indices proposed by Levins, Shannon-Wiener and Horn. The results show the most species niche breadth and overlap is lower. The results show the ability is low in utilizing the resources. Hence, the resources are sufficient to all bryophytes in Baihua Mountain.(5) The data were analyzed via the method of Canonical Correspondence Analysis. The relationships between the bryophytes species and the environmental variables were revealed in the biplots of CCA. According to the correlation coefficients of the environmental variables with the first two axes, the environmental variables that influence the distribution of the main species are canopy density, altitude, shrub coverage, base, human disturbance and herb coverage.更多还原