【作者】 王天平；

【导师】 周连仁；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 土壤学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 近年来,随着人口的不断增加和工业的迅速发展,导致生态环境不断恶化,土壤盐渍化程度不断加剧,不仅严重影响现代农牧业的发展,而且还对自然资源、生物圈和生态环境构成了严重的威胁,因此,综合整治盐渍化土壤问题迫在眉睫。我国东北的松嫩平原分布着广大的盐渍土资源,绥化市兰西县位于松嫩平原的东南部,在兰西县西部、西北部多为盐渍化土壤,pH值均超过8,有机质含量低。投入大、产出低,致使农业生产水平和农民人均收入长期在低水平上徘徊,很多农民至今尚未解决温饱,相当一部分村屯达到赤贫状态。因此,建立适应当地土壤类型的改良措施,合理发展和利用当地的土壤资源,对兰西县乃至整个东北地区的农业经济发展具有至关重要的作用。本试验设在黑龙江省兰西县平山镇吉兴村,共设13个处理,利用不同有机物（料）对盐碱土进行改良,以玉米为指示作物,定期监测土壤的容重、水分、pH值、速效养分、阳离子交换量、碱化度、全盐量、土壤酶活性（脲酶、过氧化氢酶、转化酶）、有机质、活性有机质、碳库管理指数以及测定玉米产量。通过研究碱化草甸土的理化性状、碳库变化、土壤酶活性和玉米产量的变化及相关性,确定建立适合当地土壤改良的最佳模式。根据田间试验和室内实验分析结果,应用SPSS软件进行方差分析和多重比较,得到如下结果:1.不同改良措施均能改善土壤的物理性质,主要表现在:不同处理的土壤容重均较对照有了不同程度的降低,其中处理L:综合处理（浅翻深松+地膜覆盖+配方肥+牛粪+草炭+叶面肥）的效果最明显。草炭、糠醛渣、猪粪、牛粪处理效果次之,与对照处理之间也达到了差异显著水平;不同处理的土壤含水量和对照相比有了不同程度的提高,并随玉米生育期的变化呈现出一定的变化规律。2.不同改良措施均能改善土壤的化学性质,主要表现在:提高土壤阳离子交换量,综合处理的效果最明显,与对照处理之间达到了差异显著水平,地膜覆盖、草炭、糠醛渣、牛粪、猪粪处理与对照相比也达到了差异显著水平;不同处理均能降低土壤的pH值、碱化度和土壤盐分含量,草炭、糠醛渣和综合处理效果最好,与对照处理间达到了差异显著水平;不同处理均能增强土壤有效氮磷钾营养元素的释放,综合处理的效果最好,草炭、猪粪、糠醛渣处理与对照处理也达到了差异显著水平。3.不同处理均能不同程度的提高土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、转化酶的活性,其中综合处理的效果最好,草炭、糠醛渣处理的效果也很明显,与对照相比也达到了差异显著水平。4.不同改良措施均能提高土壤的活性有机质以及土壤的相对碳库管理指数,提高土壤的碳库水平,说明这些改良措施对土壤有培肥作用使土壤性能向良性发展。综合处理处理效果最好。5.从各指标间的相关性分析得出:土壤有机质与土壤含水量、阳离子代换量之间有很好的正相关性(相关系数R分别为:0.789^**、0.878^**),与土壤容重、盐分含量、碱化度和土壤pH值呈现出很好的负相关性(相关系数R分别为:0.880^**、0.625^*、0.732^**、0.633*)。6.土壤盐分、土壤有机质与土壤酶活性之间有很好的相关性,土壤电导率与土壤脲酶呈乘幂关系（R=0.641^*）;土壤电导率与过氧化氢酶呈线性关系（R=0.673^*）:与土壤转化酶呈指数关系(R=0.677^**)。土壤有机质与土壤脲酶呈线性正相关(R=0.896^**);土壤有机质与土壤过氧化氢酶和转化酶呈对数关系(R分别为:0.928^**、0.943^**)。7.不同改良措施均能提高玉米产量,综合处理玉米产量最高,其次是草炭、猪粪、牛粪,与对照相比均达到了差异显著水平。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years, with continued population growth and the rapid development of industry, leading to deterioration of ecological environment, soil salinity increasing, not only seriously affect the development of modern agriculture and animal husbandry, but also a serious threat of natural reaources,the biosphere and the ecological environment, so it is imminent to synthesize control saline-alkali soil problem.There are distributed vast Saline soil reaourse in songnen plain in northeast of china, Lanxi county is located in the southeast of the songnen plain, there are mostly saline-alkali soil in western、northwest of Lanxi county, pH value are more than 8. And low organic matter content. Great input, output low, causing the level of agricultural production and farmers’per capita income long-term hovering at a low level, many farmers have not enough food and clothing, a considerable part of the place to abject povery. Therefore, the establishment of improvement measures adapted locally, rational development and utilization ofsaline-alkali soil of local resources is a vital role to Lanxi County as well as the entire northeast agriculture and economic development.The test is located in Heilongjiang Province, Lanxi county Pingshan town jixing villages, there are thirteen treatments, using different organic compounds （materials） on saline-alkali soil to improve it, and put corn as the instruction crop. Some soil indexes—soil bulk density、water regime、soil pH、available nutrients、CEC、ESP、whole salt content、soil enzymatic activity（Urase,Catalase,Invertase）、organic matter、soil active matter、the carbon pool management index of soil and yiele of corn—were monitored periodicly.The best technology mode of improving saline-alkali soil was established through studying physico-chemical property of saline-alkali soil,carbon pool ,soil enzyme activities and changes of corn yield and relativity among all indexes.According to field trial and indoor experiment results of the analysis, use software SPSS analysis of variance、multiple comparisons and stepwise regression statistical analysis ,obtained the following results:1. Various improvement measures can improve the physical properties of the soil, Mainly in: the soil bulk density has varying degrees of lower than comparison treatment, treatment L: shallow turn subsoiling +mulching + fertilizers + peat+dung + foliar is the most obvious effect. The treatment of peat、furfural、pig、cow dung are followed the comprehensive treatment.Soil moisture of different treatments are improver than compared improvement,and with the changes in corn growth period has shown some variation.2. Various improvement measures can improve the chemical properties of the soil, Mainly in: ehhanced the cation exchange capacity of the soil, and the comprehensive treatment is the most obvious effect treatment reached a significant difference with the compared treantment ,Mulching、peat、furfural、cow dung、pig manure treatment compared with the control has reached a significant difference.Different treatments can reduce the soil pH value ,CEC and soil content,peat、furfural and comprehensive treatment are better than others,and reached significant difference between the level of oters with the compared treatment. Different treatments can enhance the release of NPK nutrients, integrated approach is the best, manure,furfural treatment also achieved a significant level of difference.3. Various improvement measures can improve the soil enzyme activity, mainly in:Soil urease, catalase, invertase than that of control has been improved to varying degrees.the treatment J: furfural. G: peat, L: shallow turn subsoiling +mulching + fertilizers + peat+dung + foliar is better than other treatment,and reached a significant level of different with the compared treatment.4. Various improvement measures can enhance the activity of soil organic matter and carbon pool management index relative to raise the level of the soil carbon pool.It is showed that these inprovements have fertility effects on soil properties of the sound development of the soil. The comprehensive treatment had the best effect.5. From the analysis of the correlation among the indicators derived: soil organic matter and soil moisture content, cation exchange capacity have good positive correlation(correlation coefficient R are as follows:0.789^**、0.878^**).soil organic matter and soil bulk density,salt content,basicity,and soil pH,showing a good negative correlation(correlation coefficient R are as follows:0.880^**,0.625^*,0.732^**,0.633^*).6. Soil salinity, soil organic matter and soil enzyme activities have excellent correlation, soil electrical conductivity and soil urease was multiplied by apower relationship（R=0.641^*）;soil electrical conductivity and catalase showed a linear relationship（R=0.673^*）;with an exponential relationship between soil-converting enzyme（R=0.677^*）. Soil organic matter and soil urease linear correlation(R=0.896^**); soil organic matter and soil catalase and invertase and invertase logarithmic relationship(R=0.928^**; R=0.943^**).7. Various improvement measures can improve the yield of corn,and different measures are researched the level of significant differences compared with contrastion treatment ,L: shallow turn subsoiling +mulching + fertilizers + peat+dung + foliar is the highest yield than other treatment. Followed by treatment peat、dung and pig manure , achieving a significant difference with the compared treatment.更多还原