我国“十二五”污染减排水环境约束性指标研究

【作者】 赵喜亮；

【导师】 夏建新； 吴舜泽；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 环境科学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 我国目前处于社会经济快速发展时期,水环境污染负荷远远超过了水体承载力,为解决经济发展面临的水质性缺水问题,污染减排工作已成为我国环境管理工作的重中之重。开展“十二五”污染减排水环境约束性指标研究进一步完善污染减排水环境约束性指标体系,对于环境规划和管理具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。本论文采用理论分析和实证分析的方法,对约束性环境指标内涵特征、“十一五”约束性水环境指标实施、“十二五”期间的约束性指标等问题展开了研究,得到如下成果。首先,综合各种因素归纳了约束性环境指标的内涵,提出了约束性环境指标的界定、选取应满足的条件和原则。对于约束性环境指标内涵特征分析,进行了环境保护指标及约束性指标发展回顾、约束性指标与预期性指标异同、约束性指标内涵及选取原则等方面的分析,研究结果表明,约束性指标具有强制功能和制约功能,同时具备计量性、监测性、连续统计性、分解性、考核性等内涵特征；约束性环境指标既可包含总量指标,也可包括质量指标、排放强度指标；既可扩展到国家级尺度,也可限定于区域流域尺度；约束性环境指标的选取,应满足以下条件：(1)区域性或局地性污染物；(2)可监测、可统计、可考核；(3)控制对象是一次污染物,最好不是混合型污染物；(4)有治理减排途径,减排技术经济合理。选取原则具体来说,包括：(1)代表性、综合性原则；(2)简明性原则；(3)前瞻性原则；(4)衔接性原则；(5)可计量性和可比性原则；(6)延续性原则。其次,基于“十一五”约束性水环境指标实施情况分析得到了我国污染减排考核制度存在的问题,并且提出了相应的建议。针对“十一五”约束性水环境指标实施情况分析,第一,开展了水环境主要污染指标(地表水、重点湖库、地下水)的分析,明确了目前我国水环境的主要污染指标有氨氮、高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量(COD)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、总氮和总磷等。第二,围绕“十一五”约束性水环境指标的选取、实施情况及减排措施效果等方面开展了分析。分析结果表明,总量控制成效和质量改善情况存在不挂钩的现象,政府应从优化管理方式、完善水环境质量标准、优化监测断面、健全执行模式等方面完善我国的污染减排考核制度。最后,基于指标的基础条件和可行性分析,提出了“十二五”期间的污染减排约束性水环境指标。基于我国水环境主要污染指标及“十一五”约束性指标COD实施情况的分析,第一,展开了“十五”经济社会发展态势分析,明确了我国“十二五”期间的水环境发展态势；第二,对“十二五”期间约束性水环境指标展开了纳入指标必要性、基础条件、可行性(技术、经济)等方面的系统研究。研究结果表明：“十二五”期间有必要将COD继续作为约束性环境指标进行总量控制；氨氮纳入约束性环境指标具有必要性、符合基础条件、经济技术可行,建议将其纳入约束性环境指标体系进行总量控制；总氮、总磷国家层面可只评估不考核,区域层面可作为重点湖库和近岸海域区域性约束性总量指标,以此来控制富营养化恶化趋势。更多还原

【Abstract】 Our country is experiencing rapid economic development period. Water pollution load far exceeded the carrying capacity. In order to improve the poor water quality comed along with economic development which caused lack of water, emission reduction has become the most important task of environmental management in China. The study of emission reduction binding indicators of water in the 12th five year can improve binding indicators system and offer some theoretical and practical support for environmental planning and management. This paper combined theoretical and practical analysis together for the study of binding indicators’connotation characteristics, the implementation of COD in the 11th five year, binding indicators in the 12th five year.Firstly, the paper summed up the connotation, proposed the classification of environmental binding indicators, the conditions and principles which the selection of binding indicators should satisfy were also proposed. For the connotation analysis, the study of review for environmental protection and binding indicators, the differences between binding and expected indicators, the connotation and selection principles were carried out. The results showed that the binding indicators had mandatory and constraint functions. The indicators can be measured, monitored, continuous counted, decomposed, appraised. It can included aggregates, quality and emission intensity indicators. It can be expanded to national scale and also can be limited to the regional watershed scale. The selection of binding indicators should meet the following conditions regional or local contamination, can be monitored, counted, appraised, it’s a pollutant, not mixed pollutants, economical and reasonable technology. The principles of selection including representative, integration, simplicity, forward-looking principle, convergence, can be measured, comparability, continuity.Secondly, based on the analysis of the COD reduction in the 11th five year, the paper pointed out problems existed in appraisal system. For the implementation, firstly, the study of major pollution indicators of water environment including surface water, focusing lakes, reservoirs and groundwater were analyzed. The result showed that major pollution indicators including ammonia nitrogen, permanganate index, chemical oxygen demand, the 5th biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Secondly, the selection of binding indicators, implementation and effect were carried out since the 11th five year. The results showed that the effectiveness of total amount control and environmental quality improvement was not relative. The Government should improve appraisal system of emission reduction from four aspects in China.Finally, based on the main indicators’analysis of basic conditions and feasibility analysis, the paper proposed the binding indicators in the 12th five year. Based on the previous analysis of main pollution indicators and COD implementation, firstly, economic and social development situation were carried out. This made water environment development trend clearly during the 12th five year. Secondly, indicators into binding indicators system which including necessary, basic conditions, technical and economic feasibility were analyzed. The results showed that COD was necessary to be as a binding indicator the 12th five year. Ammonia nitrogen pollution is serious. It has become the primary affecting surface water quality. Ammonia nitrogen was necessary into the binding indicators system. It met the basic conditions. It had economic and technical feasibility. The paper suggested that it should be included in binding system for total control. In order to control eutrophication deterioration, for total nitrogen and total phosphorus, they should be assessed at the national level not be appraised. At the regional level they should be as key binding indicators of focusing lakes, reservoirs and coastal waters for total control.更多还原