【作者】 张红云；

【导师】 严正凛；

【作者基本信息】 集美大学 ， 水产养殖， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 我国贝类养殖业历史悠久,是海水养殖业的支柱产业,对国民经济的发展具有重要的推动作用。牡蛎等贝类都已实现了产业化,但经济价值很高的栉江珧却由于人工育苗技术的制约,迟迟未能形成规模化养殖。本文在东山湾栉江珧繁殖生物学调查的基础上,进行了亲贝促熟、催产方法的研究,并结合胚胎、幼虫发育的观察开展了人工苗种繁育技术的研究。每月观察东山湾栉江珧性腺的发育情况,并测定性腺指数。结果表明:其性腺发育大致可分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期和休止期。生殖周期为一年,繁殖期在5～10月,繁殖高峰期分别出现在6月上旬和9月中旬,成熟排放期为6月上旬～10月上旬,此间的生长、成熟和排放各期相互重叠。故每年的3～4月,可采用室内升温和饵料强化培育的方法对性腺发育程度低的亲贝进行促熟,然后开展人工苗种生产;也可在5月中旬～6月上旬和8～9月,采捕海区性腺发育程度较高的栉江珧,经短期的室内饵料强化培育后进行人工催产和苗种生产。研究中首次设计并使用了贝类仿生态培育及催产孔架,不仅对亲贝的培育效果好,而且做为催产的辅助器具,可明显缩短亲贝的阴干时间并提高排放率。在室内进行了恒温促熟,以及不同饵料、培育水温对性腺发育的影响实验,结果表明:恒温24℃左右,投喂湛江等鞭金藻和混合藻的培育效果好,经1个月左右,亲贝性腺可发育成熟。使用不同方法催产,结果表明:解剖法不适合用于人工苗种生产;自然排放法获得的精、卵质量最佳,但亲贝排放率最低;阴干流水法、紫外线照射法和温度刺激法的操作中均使用了贝类仿生态培育及催产孔架阴干亲贝,获得了50﹪～80﹪的排放率。但考虑到紫外线照射对胚胎发育的影响,故使用阴干流水法和温度刺激法催产更合适。使用0.5m3的锥形底塑料孵化桶和6m3、18m3和24m3的水泥池培育幼虫,预实验中幼虫生长、发育观察和幼虫培育结果表明:幼虫对暗光有趋向性,而强光会影响其正常游动和摄食;幼虫发育的不同时期,壳长和壳高会表现为交替性的快速生长,引起D形幼虫、壳顶幼虫和稚贝间明显的形态差异;壳薄而脆弱,尤其是稚贝颗粒状的新生壳,稍受挤压就会破裂;幼虫培育期会出现漂浮黏连和附着变态难等问题,漂浮黏连、强光照和敌害生物等都是幼虫成活率低的原因。人工苗种培育结果表明:使用大水体培育栉江珧幼虫,保持适宜的光照强度,培育海水经紫外线杀菌并曝气,降低幼虫密度,在不同时期适当混合投喂新鲜高浓度和已过滤的饵料,经常换水和吸底,及时分选幼苗,做好海水各指标的监测和日常管理工作,可有效地防止幼虫黏连。首次使用了涤纶垫做为附着基,结果表明:涤纶垫铺薄砂吊于水中的附苗率和变态成活率最高,但易受污染,稚贝成活率低;而且池底铺砂和托盘装砂吊于池中的稚贝成活率也仅为27.54﹪和34.37﹪,故如何克服涤纶垫易受污染的缺点,并提高幼虫变态成活率和稚贝成活率仍有待进一步的研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 The shellfish breeding is a mainstay mariculture industry with a long history in china, which still possessed significant contribution to the development of national economy. Due to the immature artificial rearing technique, the breeding industrialization of Atrina pectinata Linnaeus has not formed as oyster. The study included fattening and induced spawning methods and key technology for artificial larvae cultivation based on observation of embryonic and larvae development after the reproductive biology investigation of Atrina pectinata Linnaeus, Dongshan Bay.The monthly development of gonad, determination result of gonad index indicated that the gonad matures once a year and the development of gonad could be approximately divided into proliferating period, growing period, maturing period, spawning period, and resting period. The idophase is from May to October. The peak of idophase respectively are the first ten days of June and middle of September. The peak of spawning period are from the first ten days of June to October. Growing period, maturing period and spawning period appeared simultaneously during the peak of spawning period. Therefore, it is feasible for fattening parent shellfish of low maturity by rising temperature of seawater indoor and strengthening nutrition from March to April every year, preparing for induced spawning and artificial cultivation of larvae. Furthermore, artificial breeding could be carried out after fattening parent shellfish of relatively higher maturity by strengthening nutrition for short period from middle of May to the first ten days of June, or from August to September.It could obviously shorten dry exposure time and increase spawning rate of parent shellfish by using the multigrid shelf of simulated ecological culturing and induced spawning for shellfish as a assistive devices of inducing spawn, which was devised and applied for the first time. The gonad development results of parent shellfish reared under constant temperature, different microalgae and water temperature showed that gonad matured reared with feeding of Isochrysis zhanjiangensis and mixed algae under 24℃approximatly for 1 month approximately. Among the five methods of inducing spawning, dissection was not suitable for artificial breeding. Using method of natural discharge could acquired spermatozoa and ova of best quality but lowest release rate. Back to water after dry exposure, ultraviolet irradiation and variable temperature irritation obtained the highest release rate of 50-80﹪. However, ultraviolet irradiation was not applicable to induced spawning considering the harmful effects to development of embryonic and larvae.The growth and development of larvae in the preliminary experiment showed that the larvae trend to move toward light sources under subdued light conditions. As the shell length and height grow rapidly by turns in the different developmental periods, it exhibits apparent difference among d-larvae, umbo larvae and juvenile shellfish. Shell, especially the neonatal shell of juvenile shellfish would break even if under slightly press. It frequently occur problem of larvae conglutination and difficult of metamorphosis etc in artificial larvae culture. All as problem of larvae conglutination, highlight, and harmful organisms etc are the reason of low survival. The result of artificial cultivation of larvae indicated that cement pool of large surface, suitable intensity of illumination, seawater of ultraviolet sterilization-treated and high oxygen dissolution, larvae of low density, filtered mixed algae of fresh and high concentration, changing the water and cleaning the bottom often, separate larvae of different size in time, monitoring physical and chemical index of seawater, and reinforcing routine management could effectively solve the problem of larvae conglutination. Pulvinus of dacron was first ever used as cultch in spatfall study, the result indicated that the method of paving thin sand on the Pulvinus of dacronthe obtained the highest adhesive rate and survival of metamorphosis period of young shellfish. Nevertheless the Pulvinus of dacronthe is easily polluted, and resulting in low survival of young shellfish. Furthermore, the young shellfish survival of other two methods are merely 27.54﹪and 34.37﹪. Consequently, there still need to study further how to overcome the disadvantage of spatfall using Pulvinus of dacronthe and raise the survival of metamorphosis period of young shellfish.更多还原