论国际标准下的少数者权利保护

【作者】 鄢晓红；

【导师】 张爱宁；

【作者基本信息】 外交学院 ， 国际法， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 少数者不是从来就有的概念,国际法对少数者的保护也不是一蹴而就的。1966年《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》的通过,少数者的概念及其地位正式成为国际法上关注的重点,拉开了国际社会对少数者权利保护的序幕。《禁止并惩治种族隔离罪行国际公约》(1973)、《在民族或族裔、宗教和语言上属于少数群体的人的权利宣言》(1992)、人权事务委员会关于《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第27条的一般性评述(1994)、《欧洲保护少数民族框架公约》(1994)、《关于少数民族教育权利的海牙建议书》(1996)、《关于少数民族语言权利的奥斯陆建议书》(1998)、《关于少数民族有效参与公共生活的隆德建议书》(1999)、《联合国土著人民权利宣言》(2007)等国际性法律文件的生效将保护少数民族权利的浪潮推向更高。与此同时,各公约缔约国也纷纷采取措施竭力保护本国境内少数者的各项权利。比较引人注目的有美国的“肯定性行动”计划、加拿大的双语教育、瑞典的少数民族保护行动,以及不承担具体国际义务的中国给予少数民族在方方面面的保护。但是,对少数者权利的保护不是一厢情愿的事情,一旦把握不好保护的限度,导致的结果往往出人意料,2006年加拿大承认魁北克国中之国的地位、2008年西藏拉萨3.14事件和2009年新疆乌鲁木齐7.5事件的接踵发生,给片面强调保护少数者权利的人们更多的警醒。结合我国对少数民族权利保护的实践,在新世纪如何既保护少数民族的各项权利,又不对其他民族造成反向歧视;如何制定出贴近实际生活又能得到贯彻执行的民族保护政策,是我国民族工作的重中之重。更多还原

【Abstract】 Minority is not a concept that has ever been there. International law on minority protection is not achieved overnight. With the adoption of 1966 "international covenant on civil and political rights", the concept and status of minority became the focus of international law, which opened the international community to protect the rights of minorities prelude."Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid International Convention" (1973), "national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities, the rights of persons" (1992), the Human Rights Committee on "Civil and Political Rights "Article 27 of General Comment (1994)," The European Framework Convention for Protection of National Minorities (1994), "On the rights of minority education Hague Recommendations "(1996)," the rights of minority languages on the Oslo Recommendations " (1998), "effective participation of minorities in public life on the Lund Recommendations" (1999), "United Nations Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples " (2007) and other international legal documents went into effect one by one, which pushed the wave of the protection of minority rights to a higher.At the same time, each party to the Convention has also taken measures to strive to protect the rights of minorities in its territory. For example, the United States of "affirmative action" program, Canada’s bilingual education and minority protection operations in Sweden, and assuming no specific international obligations of China in all aspects of the protection given to minorities.However, for the protection of minority rights is not a wishful thing, if mishandled the limits of protection, unexpected result will happen. For example, Canada recognizes the Quebec nation within a nation status in 2006, 3.14 incidents in Lhasa in 2008 and 7.5 incidents in Urumqi in 2009 occurred one after another. Those give more alert to the people who always emphasize undue protecting the rights of minorities.As for China, in the new century, it is the most important national work how to protect the rights of minorities without causing reverse discrimination against other ethnic groups, and how to work out in real life with getting close to the implementation of the national conservation policy.更多还原