【作者】 祝泽兵；

【导师】 姜静；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 林木遗传育种， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 为建立四倍体与二倍体杨树杂交获得三倍体杨树的途径,选取我国东北地区山地广泛分布的山杨和平原广泛栽培的小黑杨为试验材料,从多倍体山杨和小黑杨的诱导、生长生理和光合特性等方面进行了研究,为山杨和小黑杨倍性育种奠定基础。通过秋水仙素浸种法诱导山杨和小黑杨种子获得了多倍体,建立了最适宜的诱导方法。山杨以0.20%的秋水仙素处理48 h的多倍体诱导率最高,可达60.00%；小黑杨以0.30%的秋水仙素处理48 h的多倍体诱导率最高,达4.49%。对多倍体山杨幼苗的生长生理与光合特性分析表明：与二倍体原种相比,多倍体的叶面积显著变大、气孔密度显著变小、可溶性蛋白含量显著增加,可溶性糖含量除嵌合体外均显著增加。树高、地径、叶绿素含量和叶形指数等差异不显著(P>0.05),但四倍体的这些性状均优于二倍体原种。山杨光合日变化曲线为单峰型,10：00左右达到一天的最高值。与二倍体原种相比,四倍体和嵌合体的最大净光合速率、表观量子效率和光饱和点均较高,暗呼吸速率和光补偿点均较小；四倍体的RuBp最大再生速率、CO2饱和点均较高,羧化效率和CO2补偿点均较低,嵌合体RuBp最大再生速率、羧化效率、CO2补偿点和CO2饱和点均较小。四倍体和二倍体大多数叶绿素荧光参数基本一致,嵌合体大多数叶绿素荧光参数普遍低于二倍体。对多倍体小黑杨幼苗的生长生理与光合特性分析表明：与二倍体原种相比,四倍体和嵌合体的地径显著增粗、气孔密度显著变小、叶形指数显著变小,四倍体可溶性糖含量显著增加。树高、叶绿素含量、叶面积和可溶性蛋白含量等差异不显著(P>0.05),但四倍体的这些性状均优于二倍体原种。小黑杨光合日变化曲线为双峰型,表现出明显的“午休”现象,第一个峰值出现在9：00左右,峰谷出现在13：00左右,第二个峰值出现在15：00左右。与二倍体原种相比,四倍体和嵌合体的最大净光合速率、表观量子效率和光饱和点均较大,暗呼吸速率均较小；四倍体的光补偿点较低、嵌合体的光补偿点较高；四倍体的RuBp最大再生速率和羧化效率较高,CO2补偿点和CO2饱和点均较低,嵌合体RuBp最大再生速率、羧化效率、CO2补偿点和CO2饱和点均较低。各倍性小黑杨的叶绿素荧光特性的变化规律同山杨基本一致。更多还原

【Abstract】 For acquiring triploid by hybridizations of tetraploid and diploid poplar, Populus davidiana Dod. which grows Northeast Chinese mountain land widely and Populus simonii×Populus nigra which is widely cultivated Northeast Chinese plain were selected. For ploidy breeding, induction, growth physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of Populus davidiana Dod. and Populus simonii×Populus nigra polyploidy were studied.Populus davidiana Dod and Populus simonii×Populus nigra were induced with colchicine by seed-immersion method. In all of Populus davidiana Dod.colchicine treatments, the induction rate of the treatments of 0.20% colchicine solution concentration and 48 hours’ immersion is highest up to 60%. In all of Populus simonii×Populus nigra colchicine treatments, the induction rate of the treatments of 0.30% colchicine solution concentration and 48 hours’ immersion is highest up to 4.49%.The growth physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of polyploid Populus davidiana Dod seedlings were analyzed. These show that:compared with natural diploid, their leaf area become larger significantly, their stomata density become lower dramatically, their soluble protein content increased significantly, their soluble sugar content change significantly. But their height, diameter at ground, chlorophyll content and leaf index do not change significantly(P>0.05). Diurnal variations of net photosynthesis show single peak type, their net photosynthesis reach the highest at about 10:00 all the day. The maximum net photosynthetic rates, apparent quantum efficiency and light saturation points of tetraploid and chimera are higher than natural diploid, the dark respiration rates and light compensation points of tetraploid and chimera are lower than natural diploid. The RuBp regeneration rate, CO2 saturation point of tetraploid are higher than the natural diploid, carboxylation efficiency and CO2 compensatory point of tetraploid are lower than natural diploid. The RuBp regeneration rate, carboxylation efficiency, CO2 saturation point and CO2 compensatory point of chimera are lower than natural diploid. The majority of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of tetraploid and natural diploid are basically same. Most of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of chimera are generally lower than natural diploid.The growth physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of Populus simonii×Populus nigra polyploid seedlings show that:their diameter at ground enlarge significantly, their stomata density of polyploid become lower remarkably, their leaf index become smaller significantly. Soluble protein content of tetraploid is higher than diploid significantly. Compared with diploid, their height, chlorophyll content, leaf area and soluble protein content do not change significantly(P>0.05). Diurnal variations of net photosynthesis show double peak type, their first peak generally occur at 9:00 am, their peak-valley generally appear at 13:00 pm, their second peak generally emergence at 15:00 pm. The maximum net photosynthetic rates, apparent quantum efficiency and light saturation points of tetraploid and chimera are higher than natural diploid, the dark respiration rates of tetraploid and chimera are lower than natural diploid’s. Tetraploid’s light compensation point is lower than natural diploid, chimera’s light compensation point is higher than natural diploid. The RuBp regeneration rate and carboxylation efficiency of tetraploid are higher than the natural diploid, CO2 saturation point and CO2 compensatory point of tetraploid are lower than natural diploid. The RuBp regeneration rate, carboxylation efficiency, CO2 saturation point and CO2 compensatory point of chimera are lower than natural diploid. The chlorophyll fluorescence properties of Populus simonii×Populus nigra polyploid are consistent with chlorophyll fluorescence properties of Populus davidiana Dod. polyploid.更多还原