清至民国敦煌水利设施兴修与管理研究

【作者】 邢卫；

【导师】 侯甬坚；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 历史地理学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 目前学术界水利研究从注重历史时期国家大型水利工程建设研究转向区域水利社会史研究，产出诸多成果。其中，对甘肃的研究主要在兰州、河湟地区、河西走廊等整个较大区域内，对敦煌地区水利建设的研究略有涉及，其研究的时段也多为汉、唐、宋时期。清至民国是敦煌地区水利建设由传统向近代意义上水利建设的过渡时期，学术界对此研究尚处空缺，选择敦煌区域和水利建设的角度，以期复原清至民国时期西北地区基层水利社会情况。本文运用清至民国的方志、奏折、档案、游记等历史文献资料，复原了清前期敦煌十渠的兴修过程，清中后期敦煌水渠的分布及地下水的开采情况，民国年间在甘肃水利林牧公司组织下敦煌水利建设先进技术运用的情况，解决了清至民国时期敦煌水利管理运行过程的问题，并得出以下认识：1、清至民国敦煌水利设施的兴修是其水利建设的重要阶段。清代敦煌水利设施兴修主要是对前代的继承，渠道基本还是土渠，井灌停留在基本开发状态。然而，民国敦煌水利建设是从传统向近代过渡的重要阶段，在水利勘察、地下水开发和水利工程本身都开始运用科学技术，出现了近代化的影子。2、清至民国敦煌水利管理运行方式也从传统向近代过渡。清初敦煌水利管理主要依附在隅坊制度之下，随着水利对农业生产重要性的提高，逐渐和山陕地区一样形成灌渠利益共同体。但与山陕不同，敦煌除了各渠灌溉的实际管理者渠长，负责具体渠系工作的排水，还有总理十渠的渠正，并形成通裕、普利、大有、庆余、上下永丰、窑沟、庄浪、新旧伏羌渠十个灌渠利益共同体，以这种管理模式协调各灌渠间的运转。到了民国出现了官商合办的管理模式，其实质体现了政府职能，代表政府利益，此种模式运行尚需更多文献验证。3、清至民国的敦煌水利兴衰离不开政权的稳定和政府的投资。与历史时期敦煌水利设施兴修的背景相似，一旦本地政权进入稳定时期，敦煌总会伴随着大规模开发，水利设施兴修也会在此时出现一定程度的转机与发展。然而，随着政权统治的薄弱和种种天灾人祸的频繁发生，敦煌的稳定社会被打乱，作为社会发展重要指标之一的水利设施兴修也必然受到影响。此外，敦煌水利建设与本地环境承载能力存在一定的关系，文章对清至民国敦煌水利设施兴修与管理运行的复原，为进一步研究敦煌土地开发和环境变迁做铺垫。更多还原

【Abstract】 Current academic research on water shift from the historical periods of state’s water conservancy construction research to regional water conservancy and social history research,and there are fruitful research. Among them, the study of gansu province in lanzhou, hehuang area, the hexi corridor and other larger area,the water conservancy construction of Dunhuang studies involving the research slightly,and more time for Han,Tang and Song Dynasties. The water conservancy construction of Dunhuang in Qing Dynasty and the period of the republic changed from tradition to modern, this is none research in the academic, the construction of water conservancy in Dunhuang still have study of space.This paper chose regional water conservancy construction of Dunhuang, in order to recover clearly grass-roots society of Northwest in this period.This paper used the throne, archives and records, travel documents etc in Qing Dynasty and the period of the republic,recovered the process of Dunhuang ten Channels construction in early of Qing Dynasty, made clear the drains distribution and groundwater exploitation of Dunhuang area in middle and late Qing Dynasty, and introduced Dunhuang water conservancy construction under the organization of the Gansu water conservancy agriculture company used advanced technology, solved the problem of Dunhuang’s water management in Qing Dynasty and the period of’the republic, and got some understanding following:First, Dunhuang’s water management operation mode change from tradition to modern in Qing Dynasty and the period of the republic. Building water conservancy facilities of Dunhuang is mainly to inherit the former in Qing Dynasty,and its channels were basic TuQu, the well Irrigation stayed in the basic state of development facility.However, the period of the republic when Dunhuang’s water conservancy construction from tradition to modern is the important phase transition, in water exploration, groundwater exploitation and water conservancy project itself started to use science and technology, and the shadow of modernization appeared.Second, Dunhuang water management operation mode and transition from traditional to modern in Qing Dynasty and the period of the republic. Water management of Dunhuang mainly rely on fang yu system in early of Qing Dynasty, with the importance of water to agricultural production was improving,Dunhuang area gradually formed GuanQu community of interests same as Shan and Shaan province.But diffent from Shan and Shaan province, every canal irrigation had the actual manager, responsible for specific work of drainage system,and ten canal of prime minister.Dunhuang formed Tong yu, Pu li, Da you, Qing yu, shang and xia yongfeng, Yao gou, Zhuang, new and old Fu qiang canal ten GuanQu interests of communities, and follow this management mode to operation coordinate ten channels. To the R.O.C. appeared arked management mode, its essence reflected the government function, on behalf of the government, this model was verified documents to more ways.Third, water conservancy of Dunhuang can’t without the Political stability and government investment in Qing Dynasty and the period of the republic. With the historical period of water conservancy facilities of Dunhuang in similar backgrounds, once the local regime in a stable, Dunhuang always accompanied by the large-scale development,its water conservancy facilities protection will have some degree of connecting development in this time.However, with the weak regime and the frequent natural disasters, social stability of Dunhuang was disrupted,and the important indexes of water conservancy facilities will be affected.Beside, the local environment and water conservancy construction of Dunhuang had some capacity of relation, this paper about water conservancy facilities and management of Dunhuang protection was for groundwork of further research about environmental change in Dunhuang.更多还原