【作者】 张超；

【导师】 张仁玺；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 专门史， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 丧葬作为一种文化现象是伴随着人类社会的进步而产生和发展的,它不仅是人们表达哀痛的一种仪式,而且还是反映一定历史时期社会文化生活的一面镜子。首先,丧葬反映了当时社会生产力的发展水平,进而反映了当时的社会制度,具有鲜明的时代性;其次,丧葬的产生与当时人们的生死观念有密切关系,并总是在继承传统生死观念的基础上不断创新和发展的,因此丧葬也具有传承性的特点;最后,由于各地的民风民俗不尽相同,他们处理丧葬的方式和对待丧葬的态度也就不同,因此丧葬也具有明显的地域性。秦汉时期作为封建社会的初创时期,生产力水平较以前有了很大的提高,有关封建社会的一系列制度也开始创建,丧葬制度也在继承以前制度的基础上有了新发展。在此时期丧葬有了整套适应封建伦理纲常的陵寝制度和丧葬礼仪。通过对秦汉时期丧葬的墓室形制与墓地、随葬品、丧葬礼仪、生死观、盗墓等五个方面的论述和研究,我们发现秦汉时期的丧葬制度是对当时封建社会的生产力水平、等级秩序和思想观念的反映和维护。第一,秦汉时期墓室形制经历了由土坑墓到土洞墓、画像石墓、画像砖墓最后到多室墓的演变轨迹,同时还伴随着石碑、石柱、墓阙和石料建筑的出现,这些都反映了当时生产工具的改进和生产力水平的提高。第二,秦汉时期随葬品的多寡、厚葬的盛行、明器制度的确立以及丧葬礼仪的规定,明显地体现着封建社会的伦理纲常和等级秩序,这对后世的丧葬礼仪也产生了深远的影响。第三,在生死观方面,秦汉时期的人们开始对生产生强烈的渴望。秦时这种对生的渴望只是体现在社会上层,而到了汉代开始世俗化,整个社会都表现出了对生的强烈渴望,从而导致了汉代人们对于长生不老的追求,这也就为汉末道教的产生奠定了浓厚的思想基础和社会氛围。最后,盗墓作为一种伴随丧葬产生的社会现象对当时的丧葬制度也产生了一定的影响,这除了统治者针对盗墓制定的惩罚规定外,更主要体现在反盗墓技术的发展、随葬品模型的替代和薄葬观念的发展等等,这也在一定程度上反映了秦汉时期科学技术的发展和人们生活水平的提高。总之,秦汉时期的丧葬是对当时经济、政治、文化和生活各方面的一定反映。本研究通过对秦汉时期丧葬制度五方面的拙述,使人们对该时期的丧葬有一个直观、感性的认识,进而能了解秦汉时期的一些社会生活、等级秩序和思想观念等内容,也会对现代的丧葬制度发生思考;同时期待着更多学者和专家关于秦汉时期丧葬研究硕果的问世。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a cultural phenomenon, funeral had been arising and developing accompanied by the progress of human society, which is not only a ritual the way people express their grief, but also a mirror reflecting the social cultural life of certain historical period. First of all, the funeral reflects the development level of social productivity and thus the social system at that time, so to speak, it takes on the epochal character vividly; Second, the generation of funeral is closely related to the view of life and death, and always innovating and developing that based on the traditional view of life and death, so the funeral is of traditionality; Finally, because every locality has it’s own culture, which affects different ways and attitudes they handle and deal with the funeral, so it’s significantly regionalism.During the Qin-Han Dynasty, a start-up period of feudal society, the level of productivity had greatly improved than before, and a series of feudal system began to appear. Meanwhile, the funeral system also took the mausoleum system and funeral etiquette in adapting the feudal system’s moral order, which based on the preceding historical period. This paper deales with the Qin and Han Dynasty’s funeral system from five aspects, such as undercroft shape and cemetery, feudal objices, funeral etiquette, view of life and death and grave-robbery. Thereof we finds that it reflects and stands up for the feudal society’s level of productivity, hierarchical order and ideas at that time. Firstly, during the Qin-Han Dynasty, the undercroft shape had been developing from pit graves to earth hole tomes, stone tomes with portrait, brick tomes with portrait, thus to multi-coffin chambers, combined with the emergence of steles, stelaes, Que tomes and stone buildings. These reflected the improvement of instrument of production and productivity then and there. Secondly, the amount of feudal objices, the prevalence of lavish funeral, the establishment of funerary-ware system and the regulation of funeral etiquette, all represented the feudal society’s moral and hierarchical order of Qin-Han Dynasty and had profound impact on the later funeral rituals. Thirdly, from the view of life and death, people during the Qin-Han Dynasty began to generate strong desire for life. The phenomenon in Qin Dynasty only happened in the upper circles but it was secularised when Han Dynasty. Then all walks of life were strongly anxious for life, which resulted in Han people’s pursuit for immortality and also laid the foundation for generation of Taoism in the end of Han Dynasty from ideas and cultures. Finally, as a social phenomenon arising from the funeral, the grave-robbery had certain influence on Qin-Han Dynasty’s funeral system. This influence coverd the development of anti-Tomb technology, the substitution of burial model and the growth of thin funeral view, except for the penal sanctions that the rulers issued for punishing the grave-robbery. That also, to a certain extent, reflect the development of science and technology and the improvement of people’s living during Qin-Han Dynasty.In short, the Qin-Han Dynasty’s funeral in a certain extent reflects it’s economic, politic, culture and living. From my poor treatise for five aspects of Qin-Han Dynasty’s funeral system, this paper wants readers to have a visual and emotional cognition for it, thus come to understand some social life of Qin-Han Dynasty, and also reflect on the modern funeral system. Meanwhile we are also looking forward to more works about Qin-Han Dynasty’s funeral to come out.更多还原