【作者】 张占力；

【导师】 朱亚非；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 中国传统社会是宗族、宗法色彩浓厚的社会。宗族的源头可以追溯至原始社会后期的氏族时期,是随着以男性为中心的家庭的出现而形成的。自夏以后,宗族组织就成为中国社会的基本组织,中国社会呈现出家国同构,政权和族权紧密联系的特点。宗族宗法制度的源远流长,使中国社会的各个层面或多或少的都蒙上了宗法的色彩,特别是在传统社会的基层乡村组织上,宗族的影响更为深广,宗族色彩更加浓厚,对基层的控制更有力。在明清时期,宗族经历了先秦宗族制、两汉至隋唐世族、士族宗族制、宋元官僚宗族制等阶段之后,进入了一个新的时期,即绅衿宗族制时期。在这一时期,宗族表现出了平民化的趋势。宗族组织更加完善、宗族分布更加广泛、对人们生活的影响也更加明显。宗族具有组织、教育、协调等多种功能。宗族保障是宗族功能的重要组成部分。本文在写作上,绪论部分对该选题的学术史做了回顾,对宗族、家族、宗族保障的范围做了厘定,这为本文的写作奠定了基础。第一部分,主要对中国传统社会宗族的发展演变做了必要的梳理,这是因为,宗族的功能和作用在各个时期的表现是不一致的,明清时期的宗族表现出来的平民化的特征,对宗族保障的实施以及宗族在基层社会产生的影响,都是前所未有的,这也是本文写作的时代背景。第二部分,分析了宗族保障得以实施的自然地理、经济、制度、传统文化因素条件及宗族保障的内容,主要包括养老、教育、贫困族人的救济、灾害救济、宗族公益事业等方面。宗族保障的实施,在一定程度上满足了中国传统社会的需要;同时,家法族规的普遍设立,也使这一保障模式有了能够顺利实施和延续的制度保障;并且在实施过程以义田、义庄等作为经济上的支持,使宗族保障建立在一定的经济基础之上,而不至于成为空中楼阁。第三部分,认为宗族保障作为宗族内部笼络控制族人的一个手段和方式,必然对基层社会秩序产生影响,首先表现在对基层社会群体的控制和笼络上。宗族保障对族众,一方面,宗族统治阶层通过宗族保障的实施,维持贫困者的基本生活,增强其对宗族的依赖,对稳定基层社会产生积极的影响;另一方面,宗族统治阶层也以宗族保障为诱饵,利用族众进行宗族之间或宗族内部的械斗,成为地方社会不安定的因素。当然,宗族保障并没有消除宗族内部的贫富差距和两极分化,只是在一定程度上对这种差距和分化起到了缓和的作用。在宗族保障中,绅士阶层是一个极其活跃的阶层,也是宗族保障的组织者和建设者,并且作为联系宗族族众与基层政府的桥梁,在维系传统基层社会稳定上起到了不容忽视的作用。第四部分,进一步分析宗族保障对基层社会的影响,即宗族保障与基层社会组织的关系。在传统社会,基层组织主要有保甲、里甲等基层社会政权。虽然宗族是非官方的组织,但是它在控制基层社会的作用却有时超过了正式的官方组织,发挥了官方组织所不能起到的作用。赋税劳役的缴纳和征发是传统政权得以维系的经济基础,宗族以宗族保障为手段,以家法族规作为约束,在完粮纳赋上发挥了重要的作用。同时,也分析了宗族保障对地方治安以及对地方教育、文化的影响。认为宗族保障给地方治安带来了双重影响。宗族教育的发展,产生了许多的仕宦家族和科举家族,对地方教育、传统文化的做出了很大的贡献。总之,探讨明清宗族保障与基层社会控制的关系,可以拓展宗族和中国传统社会组织的研究领域,了解明清时期宗族保障的特点和基层社会的宗族活动,增进我们对明清时期宗族的认识,也为今日的现代社会保障事业提供有益的借鉴。更多还原

【Abstract】 The traditional society of China is characterized by patriarchal clan system which can be traced back to the primitive period. The clan system is so deep-rooted that almost every aspect of the Chinese society was affected, the traditional village organization forms in particular. This system witnessed its own development from the premature clan before Qin dynasty, the politically aristocratic families from West and East Han dynasties to Sui and Tang dynasties, the feudal clans based on bureaucratic system in Song and Yuan dynasties to a new period in Ming and Qing—Gentry clan system. During this period, the clan system began to accommodate common people, the organization was improved and its influence to common people became all the more noticeable.The clan system can organize and educate the people, and also coordinate different parties of the society. One of the most important functions of this system is to guarantee the stability of the society. The introduction of this thesis is devoted to a review of researches about this subject. It also defines what a clan, feudal family and its function are and thus laid a foundation for this paper.In the first part, a careful research was done about the development and evolution of the clan system of traditional Chinese society because the functions of the clan system are different in various historical periods. This system began to approach common people in Ming and Qing dynasties and the security policies taken in these periods delivered an unprecedented influence to the grass-roots. This is the background of this paper.The second part provides an analysis of the geographic, economic, institutional, mental and ethical preconditions for fulfilling the security function of the clan system with regard to caring the old, educating the young, treating the ill and helping the poor. This security function is, to some extent, in line with the needs of traditional Chinese society in rural areas. Besides family rules are enacted widely then, which serve as a kind of institutional guarantee for the implementation of this function. Some fields and country estates were set aside for helping those in needs. With these economic foundations, the security function of the clan system wasn’t reduced to a castle in the air.The third part is about how the security function of the clan system influences the grass-root social orders. It is an efficient way of controlling and winning the common people. On one hand, by ensuring the basic needs of the poor, it forged a reliance relationship between those people and clan, and thus helps stabilize the society. On the other, some use this security function as bait and take advantage of common people to fight in or between different clans. These are the destabilizing factors in society. Undoubtedly, the security function neither eliminated the gap between the rich and the poor, nor reversed the trend of polarization. It only helped alleviate the conflicts to some extent. The Gentry class was active as the organizer and builder of this security system. As a connection between the common people and government, they played an irreplaceable role in maintaining the stability of the society.In the fourth part, a further research was done on the influence of the security system to the primary level of society, that is the relationship between the clan security system and basic social organizations. In the past, these basic organizations include the pao-chia system, li-chia system and local authorities. Clan is a non-governmental organization, but it sometimes overrides the official organizations in controlling the primary level of society. Taxation is the foundation of government; a clan, with the security system as guarantee, family rules as regulation, plays an important role in ensuring the payment of tax and thus safeguarding the economic foundation of government. Meanwhile, this part also gives an analysis of its influence to the local security, education and culture and came to the conclusion that it has double effects for local security, does great contribution to culture and brought into being many families that were government officials or men of letters for generations. In brief, a study of the clan system and basic social control institutions in Ming and Qing dynasties can give us a better knowledge of the clan system, characters of its security system in particular, and traditional Chinese social organizations, and also provides useful reference for modern social security building.更多还原