【作者】 王广周；

【导师】 高建恩；

【作者基本信息】 中国科学院研究生院（教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心） ， 水土保持与荒漠化防治， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 利用水窖蓄集雨水,不但可以缓解黄土高原干旱与水土流失的矛盾，同时也是解决部分水资源短缺地区饮水困难的重要途径。随着不同形式水窖在解决农村饮水安全中的大规模应用，窖水水质问题日益受到关注。本文针对雨水集蓄利用在解决农村饮水安全中出现的水质问题，基于国家饮用水水质新标准，通过对天然降水的水质和广泛使用及新研发的水窖长期贮存水进行监测，重点对试验地全年雨水水质、不同材质、位置对水窖水质影响进行研究，得出如下结论：试验地杨凌次降雨过程中，pH值开始呈现上升趋势，后期趋于稳定，pH值变化在6.5～8.5之间，略偏碱性；由于反应条件、天气等的影响，降雨NO3-含量变化趋势不明显；除pH和NO3-外，其它指标随降雨历时,其含量逐渐下降，多数指标从开始降雨到降雨后期离子含量下降在40.8%～90.1%之间；且各指标含量的变化趋势与收集水样时的平均雨强有关，雨强大，指标含量低，雨强小，指标含量高。天然降水中多数水质指标月变化规律一般表现为离子浓度随降水量的增加而降低。降雨量最大的7、8月份，其水溶性离子含量最低，pH值春季、冬季值较低，7、8月份最高，即H+离子浓度最低。在试验条件下，雨水中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr6+、挥发酚、氰化物等毒理学指标均没有检出或者其含量远远低于国家标准，天然降水各指标全年平均值与国家生活饮水标准比较，只有浊度、氨氮两项指标超过标准，其它指标含量均较低，雨水水质较好，能够满足生活饮用水标准要求，可以作为生活饮用水水源。本试验研究的固化土干性水窖、固化土塑性水窖、水泥砂浆抹面水窖等三类水窖在贮存地下水180天后，没有检出有毒有害物质，除由地下水引起的各水窖SO42-超标外，其他指标均满足国家饮用水水质标准，且固化土干性水窖水质相对较好。固化土干性窖、固化土塑性窖价格低廉、施工方便、可以就地取材，长期贮存地下水没有产生有毒有害物质，有利于保持水质，值得推广。在杨凌地上、地下使用橡塑水窖贮存地下水的试验表明：当橡塑水窖存贮井水超过一定期限后，其COD、亚硝酸盐、色度等部分指标超出国家标准；在内蒙古地下使用橡塑水窖贮存雨水的试验表明：橡塑水窖对水质没有产生明显影响；橡塑水窖具有一次成型、便于运输、施工速度快、使用寿命长、防渗性能好、建设成本低的优良性能，而且便于企业化、标准化和规模化生产，应用灵活，不受地域、交通条件的限制，本研究中由于试验条件限制，其对水质的影响有待于进一步研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 Storage and utilization of rainwater by cellars can not only relax the contradiction ofaridity and erosion on the Loess Plateau, but also is the important way to solve the drinkingwater problem in some area of the deficiency of water resource. With the scale applicationof the cellar in solving the rural drinking water safety, the water quality of water cellars wasfocused on. According to the problem of water quality in storage and utilization ofrainwater, based on the new National Standards for Drinking Water, this paper research thewater quality of natural rainfall and the different position and different materials of cellars’effect on the water quality by monitoring the annual rainwater quality and the water qualityof water cellars in the experimental area. The results obtained are described as follows:In the rainfall process in Yangling, pH Value, changing between 6.5～8.5 , presentsrising trend at the beginning, and then tends to be stable. Because of reaction conditions andweather, the change trend of NO3- is not obvious; Except pH and NO3- , the value of theother indexes gradually decreased between 40.8%～90.1% from the beginning to the end.And the change trend is related to the rainfall intensity, with high average rainfall density,the value of the indexes is low, otherwise, the value is high.Generally speaking, the monthly change law of indexes of water quality in naturalrainfall: Every ion density reduces with increase of the precipitation. The ionic compositionand other comprehensive index is the lowest in the largest rainfall August and July; pHValue is lower in spring and winter, and is the highest in August and July (namely H+ is thelowest). Under the condition of experiment, the content of toxicological indexes (Fe, Mn,Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr6+, Volatile phenol and Cyanide etc.) in the rainwater in Yangling are farbelow the National Standards for Drinking Water. Compared with the National Standards,annual mean level of all indexes in rainwater did not exceed the standards, but Turbidityand Ammonia nitrogen. Rainwater quality can meet the National Standards for Drinking Water, and the water is safety for drinking.Harmful substances are not found in the groundwater stored in the solidified soilplastic cellar and dry form cellar and the cellar with cement mortar coating attached to thewall surfaces after 180 days. SO4 2- exceeded the national standard in the three cellars andthe other indexes meet the national standard, while SO42- was caused by the groundwater,and the water quality of the solidified soil dry form cellar is better. And the solidified soildry form cellar and plastic cellar has the advanced characteristics of low-cost, easyconstruction, making full use of local soil resource, and they do not generate harmfulsubstances when groundwater is stored long-term, so it is worth popularizing.The results of the experiment of groundwater stored in the rubber-plastic cellarunderground and overground in Yangling shows: The indexes COD, NO2- and chromaticityexceeded the National Standards for Drinking Water, while the water quality was notinfluenced when rainwater was stored in the rubber-plastic cellar underground in innerMongolia. The rubber-plastic cellar has the advanced characteristics of one-time shape, easytransportation, rapid construction, long-life, good antiseepage and low-cost installation etc.It facilitated production to enterprise and standardization and scale use without limitation togeographical and traffic conditions. But because of the testing condition limiting, theInfluence of the rubber-plastic cellar different applied models and storing different water onwater quality need further study.更多还原