【作者】 杨立年；

【导师】 杨建昌；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 水稻是我国重要的粮食作物,氮肥投入对提高水稻产量和稳定粮食生产起重要作用。但是,高氮投入和低氮肥利用效率是目前我国水稻生产中的一个突出问题。如何同步提高水稻产量和氮肥利用效率是当前研究的一个热点和难点。本试验在江苏省苏北(连云港)、苏中(扬州)和苏南(常熟)3地进行,以代表性水稻品种为材料,以当地高产栽培技术为对照,研究了超高产栽培和高产高效栽培对水稻产量、氮肥利用率以及生理性状的影响,并将高产高效栽培技术在生产上进行示范展示,主要结果如下:1.与当地高产栽培相比,超高产栽培和高产高效栽培的水稻产量分别提高了28.7%和25.6%,增产幅度均达显著水平。超高产栽培和高产高效栽培产量的提高主要得益于总颖花量的提高。2.高产高效栽培较当地高产栽培显著提高了氮肥吸收利用率、农学利用率、生理利用率和氮肥偏生产力,不同程度地提高了氮收获指数。超高产栽培氮肥吸收利用率高于当地高产栽培,农学利用率、生理利用率和氮肥偏生产力均低于当地高产栽培(常熟点除外)。3.与当地高产栽培相比,高产高效栽培提高了茎蘖成穗率、增加了根和地上部植株干重、提高了根系细胞分裂素含量、根系氧化力、粒叶比、灌浆中后期叶片光合速率、抽穗期茎鞘中非结构性碳水化合物累积量、结实期物质运转率和成熟期收获指数。4.在江苏省8个农业新技术展示基地进行高产高效栽培技术示范,结果表明:高产高效栽培的平均施氮量较当地高产栽培降低了5.4%,产量提高了11.6%,氮肥的偏生产力提高了22.3%。高产高效栽培的灌溉水量较当地栽培减少了20.8%,灌溉水利用效率(单位灌溉水的稻谷产量)提高了48.4%。上述结果说明,通过栽培技术的集成优化,可以获得产量和氮肥利用效率的同步提高。对水稻高产高效的途径和关键栽培技术及氮肥利用率的评价指标等进行了讨论。更多还原

【Abstract】 Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important grain crop in China, and the application of fertilizer-nitrogen plays an important role in the increase of grain yield of rice. However, high input of nitrogen and the low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) have become two serious problems in rice production in China. How to simultaneously increase grain yield and NUE is the hot and difficult research point. In this study, experiments were conducted in the north (Lianyungang), middle (Yangzhou), and south (Changshu) of Jiangsu Province. With the typical rice cultivars in the local as materials and the local cultivation as the contrast, effects of the super-high yielding (SHY) cultivation and the high yielding and high NUE (HYHE) cultivation on grain yield, NUE, and physiological characteristics were investigated. The HYHE cultivation was demonstrated in rice production. The main results are as follows:1. Compared with the local cultivation, the SHY cultivation and HYHE cultivation increased grain yield by 28.7% and 25.6%, respectively, and the increases were statistically significant. Increases in grain yield under SHY and HYHE cultivations were mainly attributed to the increase of total spikelets.2. The HYHE cultivation significantly increased N-uptake efficiency, agronomic N use efficiency, physiological N use efficiency and partial factor productivity of fertilizer-N, and increased N harvest index when compared with the local cultivation. The SHY cultivation increased N-uptake efficiency, but decreased agronomic N use efficiency, physiological N use efficiency, and partial factor productivity of fertilizer-N, with an exception in Changshu.3. In contrast to the local cultivation, the HYHE cultivation increased the percentage of productive tillers, biomass above and under ground, cytokinin content in roots, root oxidation activity, grain-leaf ratio, leaf photosynthetic rate in the middle and later grain-filling periods, accumulation of non-structural carbohydrate in stems and sheaths at heading, translocation of assimilates during grain filling, and harvest index at maturity.4. The HYHE cultivation was demonstrated in eight demonstration sites of new agricultural technologies in Jiangsu Province. The results showed that, when compared with the local cultivation, the HYHE cultivation reduced fertilizer-N by 5.4%, and increased grain yield by 11.6% and the partial factor productivity of fertilizer-N by 22.3%. The HYHE cultivation decreased irrigation water by 20.8% and increased irrigation water use efficiency (grain yield over irrigation water) by 48.4%.The results above suggest that grain yield and NUE could be simultaneously increased through the integration and optimization of cultivation technologies. The approaches and key techniques for high grain yield and high NUE and the evaluation indexes for NUE in rice were discussed.更多还原