【作者】 陆春泉；

【导师】 董明辉； 赵步洪；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究通过不同播种期、不同直播密度、不同肥料管理方式以及不同水分管理措施等处理,研究不同栽培措施对直播粳稻产量与品质的影响,探讨直播水稻高产与优质栽培技术,为直播水稻安全高效生产提供理论依据和实践参考。本研究于2007-2009年在江苏里下河地区农业科学研究所进行,主要研究结果如下:1播期对直播水稻产量和品质的影响随着播期的推迟,不同品种的生育期和播抽历期均呈明显缩短趋势,但不同品种的灌浆结实期变化不大。随着播期的推迟,主茎叶片数减少,出叶速度上升。随着播期的推迟,直播稻产量总体呈现下降的趋势,从产量构成因素来看,结实率和千粒重的显著降低是导致产量下降的主要因素。随着播期的推迟,各供试品种的出糙率、精米率和整精米率呈下降趋势,垩白率、垩白度呈上升趋势。随着播期的推迟,稻米直链淀粉含量上升,胶稠度下降,蛋白质含量明显提高。2密度对直播水稻产量和品质的影响在75-120×104株/hm2密度范围内,随着密度的增加各处理产量呈上升趋势,随着直播密度的继续增加,产量下降。在75-120×104株/hm2密度范围内各处理稻米的出糙率、精米率和整精米率差异不显著,随着密度的进一步增加,加工品质变劣。在75-165×104株/hm2密度范围内,随着直播密度的增加,垩白率和垩白度增大,胶稠度变小,蛋白质含量升高,蒸煮食味品质变劣。3肥料对直播水稻产量与品质的影响在施纯N 0-450 kg/hm2范围内,随施N量的增加,穗数明显提高,结实率和千粒重均呈下降的趋势,产量表现为随施N量的增加产量先上升后下降,在270 kg/hm2达到最高值;不同N肥运筹以(基肥+分蘖肥):(穗肥)﹦6:4产量最高;增施P、K肥比例,显著提高直播水稻产量;在施N量270 kg/hm2和N肥运筹为(基肥+分蘖肥):(穗肥)﹦6:4的处理条件下,能显著提高氮肥吸收利用率、生物产量和经济系数,进而提高直播水稻产量。随施N量的增加和穗肥施用比例的增加,直播水稻品质有变劣趋势。4水分对直播稻产量与品质的影响直播水稻植株趋向成熟的过程中,轻干-湿交替灌溉和重干-湿交替灌溉条件下剑叶的叶绿素含量和光合速率下降的速度比充分灌溉快,表明水分亏缺加速了植株衰老。轻干-湿交替灌溉和重干-湿交替灌溉处理与充分灌溉相比,储藏性碳和14C固定的碳从茎秆向籽粒运转分别增加了9.2-14.1%和23-43%;轻干-湿交替灌溉2个试验中籽粒增产6.8-19.7%,但重干-湿交替灌溉是减产的。轻干-湿交替灌溉降低了垩白率和垩白度,提高了淀粉的最高黏度和崩解值,减小了热浆黏度、最终黏度和消碱值;重干-湿交替灌溉的结果则相反。更多还原

【Abstract】 Effects of different cultivation measures (sowing date, densities, fertilizer management and water management) on the grain yield and quality of direct seeding japonica rice were studied. In this research, we explore the culture technique of high yield and fine quality, and so as to provide the theoretical and practical references for safe and high efficiency production of direct seeding rice. The experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Lixiahe Agricultural Research Institute of Jiangsu Province during 2007-2009, the main results were as follows:1. Effect of sowing date on grain yield and rice quality of direct seeding rice With the delay of sowing date, the days of all growth stage and the days from sowing to heading of all varieties were significantly shorted, but the filling stage was stable; With the delay of sowing date, the leaf emergence rate was rised, the total number of main stem leaves and the grain field were decreased overall, the decline of grain field was mainly due to the decline of setting percentage and thousand-kernel weight; the brown rice rate、milled rice rate and head milled rice of rice decreased, chalkykernel, chalkiness, the amylose content and protein content were increased, while gel consistency decreased.2. Effect of Different Densities on yield and Quality in Direct Seeding Rice In the density limits of 75-120×104 plant/hm2, the yield increased as direct seeding density increased , but with planting density continuous increasing, the yield decreased. In the density limits of 75-120×104 plant/hm2, there were no significant difference between treatments in the the percentage of brown rice, milled rice and head milled rice, and with planting density continuous increasing, processing quality become poor. In the density limits of 75-165×104 plant/hm2, with direct seeding density increased, the chalkiness rate and degree increased, gel consistency decreased and protein content increased, and the cooking and eating quality became poor. 3. Effect of fertilizer management on yield and rice quality of direct seeding riceBetween 0-450 kg/hm2 nitrogen fertilizing, with the N fertilizer application increased, the effective panicles increased, while the grains per panicle, setting percentage and 1000-grain weight were opposed. The yield increased with N fertilizer application increasing from 0 kg/hm2 to 270 kg/hm2, but decreased when N more than 270 kg/hm2. The yield under N fertilizer model [(basal fertilizer + tillering fertilizer): (head dressing)=6:4] was highest; increasing fertilizing of phosphate and potassium under applying the same nitrogen significantly enhanced grain yield. Under the nitrogen fertilizing of 270 kg/hm2 and the N fertilizer model [(basal fertilizer + tillering fertilizer): (head dressing)=6:4], the nutritional efficiency of N, biomass yield and economic coefficient were increased significantly, and then increased the rice yield. With the raise of N fertilizer application and panicle fertilizer application , the grain quality of direct seeding rice grain reduced.4. Effect of water management on yield and quality in direct seeding riceThe chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of the flag leaves declined more quickly as plants approaching maturity under moderate dry-wet alternate and severe dry-wet alternate irrigation than under well watered, it indicated that the water deficits enhanced senescence. Compared with moderate dry-wet alternate irrigation and severe dry-wet alternate irrigation, the remobilized C reserve and reallocation of pre-fixed 14C from stems to grains increased by 9.2 to 14.1% and 23 to 43% separately under well watered. The grain yield of moderate dry-wet alternate irrigation in both experiments was increased by 6.8 to 19.7%, but that of severe dry-wet alternate irrigation was reduced. The chalky rice rate and chalkiness of moderate dry-wet alternate irrigation were reduced, while increased the peak viscosity and breakdown values; in addition, the decreased hot viscosity, final viscosity and setback values were increased, but those of severe dry-wet alternate irrigation plants was opposed.更多还原