【作者】 郭栋；

【导师】 李开国；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 民商法学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 人性论可以分为性善论、性恶论和白板说,性善论认为人的初始状态是善的,性恶论认为人的本性是自私的,而白板说则认为人性并无善恶之分。白板说的探讨意义并不是很大,我们主要以人性善和人性恶为论述的对象。我们确认了人性善和愿望的道德一样,确立了人之行为标准的高要求,而人性恶同义务的道德一样,承认对人之行为要求的标准是较低的。只是对愿望道德和义务道德的探讨主要是在道德领域展开的,而我们此处的性善论和性恶论的探讨可以在法律中得以体现。民法调整对象的理论也是颇多,就民法的调整对象而言,其包括了人身关系和财产关系。在人身关系的中,人的公民性因素正在缩减,这种情况不利于家庭的维护,以及整体主义的发育和爱国主义的培养。这类问题亟待解决。而在财产关系领域,现代的人是真正的弱愚之人,亦需要法律给予必要的关怀。沿用这样的思路对其进行解读,得出人身关系中人应具有公民性的因素,而财产关系中的人应该是自私的。这样就形成了性善论与人身关系、性恶论与财产关系的对应,进而提出此两对关系的契合。本文字数共计三万八千字左右,分为了五大部分,现就内容兹分述如下:在第一部分引言中,我们提出了人性论和民法调整对象是否存在某种程度上的关联的问题,并就文章涉及的几点作出了提前说明。在第二部分人性论中,我们对人性理论中的性善论和性恶论分别进行了论述,并结合富勒有关道德的二元划分——愿望的道德和义务的道德——提出了人性善恶对于人们行为标准的不同要求,即人性善和愿望的道德一样,确立了人之行为标准的高要求,而人性恶同义务的道德一样,承认对人之行为要求的标准是较低的。在接下来的论述中,我们关注的是民法调整对象的问题,在此我们对各种观点进行概述。并对学界公认的民法调整的两大领域——人身关系和财产关系——进行细微的解读。并提出在人身关系的中,人的公民性因素正在缩减,由此产生了诸多问题。而在财产关系领域,现代的人是真正的弱愚之人,需要法律给予必要的关怀。在文章的第四部分我们首先引入了“前置性假设”这一命题,并通过介绍韦伯的理想类型理论,为阐述人性论和民法调整对象的契合做好铺垫。我们认为这种契合更多的体现在人性善—人身关系、人性恶—财产关系的对应之中。与此同时,我们对于民法中的一些实证制度进行了分析解读,剖析其内容,阐释其优劣,以求对我国未来民法典的制定有所裨益。承前面几部分之余绪,我们对当今中国相关方面的现状进行宏观上的分析,以求能够为我国的社会主体之团结和市场经济之发展所用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Theory of human nature can be divided into good human nature, evil human nature and white-board. Good human nature has the idea that people’s initial state is good, evil human nature holds that human nature is selfish, while the white-board theory believes that there is no good or evil of human nature. The discussion about White-board theory has no lots of sense. We mainly have the good human nature and evil human nature as the object of our discussion. We recognize that good human nature, like the desiderative morality, establish standards for conduct of high demand, while evil human nature, like the compulsory morality, requires low standards of people’behavior. While the study on the desiderative morality and compulsory morality is confined in the moral field, the discussion about good human nature and evil human nature can be reflected in the law. There are quite a lot of theories about the subject matter in civil law. As for the subject matter in civil law, it includes the personal relations and property relations. The citizenship factors are reduced in personal relations, which are not conductive to family maintenance, the overall doctrine development and the cultivation of patriotism. Such problems must be resolved. And the subject in the field of property relations is really stupid and weak person who need law to give the necessary care. Follow this line of thought, we go on our interpretation and come to our conclusion that it should have the citizenship factors in the field of personal relations, while people in property relations should be selfish. So it forms a correspondence that is good human nature-personal relations and evil human nature-property relations, and further more, we propose the fit between them.This total of about 38000 words, which is divided into six parts, there is the outline below:In the first part----the problem and its related note, we propose the problem weather there is a relation between the theory of human nature and subject matter of civil law and make a statement about the points that articles related.In the second part ----theory of human nature, we discuss the evil human nature and good human nature separately, and we propose that there are different requirements towards the people’behavior combined with Fuller’theory about the binary division on ethics ---- the desiderative morality and compulsory morality. That is to say, good human nature, like the desiderative morality, establish standards for conduct of high demand, while evil human nature, like the compulsory morality, requires low standards of people’behavior.In the following discussion, we are concerned about the issue of subject matter in civil law, and then we have an overview about the various points and interpret the recognized subject matter in civil law----personal relations and property relations----in details. And we propose that many problems are brought out because the citizenship factors are reduced in personal relations. And the subject in the field of property relations is really stupid and weak person who need law to give the necessary care.In the fourth part of the article, we pave the way to elaborate the fit between the theory of human nature and subject matter of civil law by introducing the "prospective hypothesis" first and Weber’s ideal type theory followed. We believe that the fit is reflected in the correspondence that is good human nature-personal relations and evil human nature-property relations. At the same time, we have some interpretation for the system of civil law, analyzing their contents, explaining their advantages and disadvantages, with a aim at benefiting the formulation of the Civil Code of China in future.We present a macro-level analysis on the current situation about related aspects in China on the base of the preceding section, with the purpose that it can be used to promote the unity of the social subject and the development of market economy.更多还原