【作者】 马继红；

【导师】 吴晓秋；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 宪法学与行政法学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 自由与秩序是人类历史的永恒主题。改革开放以来,随着我国各项改革的不断深入,人民的生活水平日益提高,但仍有相当一部分人生活在贫困线以下。由于经济发展的不平衡和社会福利系统的不健全,其中的部分人不得不走上流浪乞讨的道路。承认乞讨自由,允许这部分人通过乞讨维持自身的生存是社会公正的体现。然而,随着城市乞讨大军的日益膨胀,尤其是在乞讨走向职业化的今天,乞讨有表演性、攻击性、团伙化的发展趋势,对公共安全和社会秩序构成了一定的威胁。当乞讨自由在一个理性的社会中不能被容忍时,法律的规制就是必要的。因此,如何通过法律规范和控制乞讨行为,实现乞讨者个人自由与社会公共秩序的平衡,是城市治理中面临的重要问题,也是本文所要探讨的重点所在。本文共有五部分。第一部分,笔者概述了乞讨行为的内涵。乞讨与流浪似乎是一对孪生兄弟,立法上常将二者放在一起进行规制。在现实生活中流浪者多沿街乞讨、乞讨者多客走他乡。因此,本文的讨论对象为流浪乞讨者。由于行为是人出自内心的自由选择,故本文所探讨的乞讨行为应该排除那些被拐骗、受胁迫而为的乞讨。第二部分,笔者勾画了我国乞讨行为的历史发展和现状。从最初的依靠乞讨自救到今天的以乞讨为职业,乞讨的手段不断翻新、恶性乞讨严重影响社会秩序,甚至在我国甘肃省某县出现了“乞丐乡”的现象,全乡出动一起到城市“淘金”。笔者从历史、社会、文化、法律政策、家庭、人性等几个方面分析了流浪乞讨现象存在的原因。第三部分,笔者介绍了西方国家对乞讨行为规制的历史沿革。简述了西方国家法律对乞讨行为限制的主要内容,并重点介绍了英美两国对流浪乞讨者以及乞讨行为规制的历史沿革。第四部分,笔者探讨了乞讨行为的法律性质。从权利的定义和构造上进行分析,很难将乞讨作为一项法律权利。乞讨更符合人类自由的特点,这种自由并不是随心所欲的不受约束的,而是一种受一定社会规则制约的理性自由。第五部分,笔者描述了平衡乞讨自由和社会秩序的法律定位。自由的实现离不开社会秩序,而秩序的形成又依赖于一定的社会规则,在现代社会中这种规则体现为法律。法律既保障个体自由,又要在一定条件下限制个体自由。那么,法律对乞讨自由限制的正当性何在?如何把握对乞讨自由限制的度?对乞讨自由采取何种规制模式才能解决个人乞讨自由与社会公共秩序之间的价值冲突?这是本文所要探讨的核心问题。乞讨是带有社会性根源的问题,法律的功效是有限度的,政府在运用法律进行规制的同时还必须致力于从根源上解决问题,一方面,要大力发展经济,建立完善的社会保障体系,消除贫困,让全体人民共享改革开放和社会发展的成果;另一方面,要加强社会主义核心价值体系建设,用社会主义荣辱观引领社会风尚,引导和教育那些靠乞讨牟利的人树立以辛勤劳动为荣,以好逸恶劳为耻的观念。更多还原

【Abstract】 The freedom and the order are the eternal subjects of human history. Since the reform and open policy has been implemented in our country, along with each reform unceasingly thorough, people’s living standard enhance day by day, but quite part of people still have to live below the low-income level. Because of the unbalanced economic development and the imperfect social welfare system, partial people can not but step onto the path which roams about begging. Acknowledging the freedom of begging and allowing these parts of people maintain their survival through begging is the manifestation of the social equity. However, along with the begging army of the big city inflates day-by-day, particularly in the day which begging moves toward professionalism, begging has the trend of performing, aggressive and gangs, which poses certain threat to the social order. When the freedom of begging is not to be able to tolerate by a rational society, the legal regulations are necessary. Therefore, it is an important question which the urban government faces that how to norm and control begging behavior through the law, in order to realize the equilibrium of individual freedom and social public peace and order, which is also the key point this article needs to discuss.This article totally has five parts. In the first part, the author generalizes the connotation of the begging behavior. Begging and roaming about as if a pair of twin brothers which in the legislation often regulates the two in the same place. In the real life, the vagrants often beg from door to door and the beggars often go to another region to beg. Therefore, the discussion objects of this article are not only roaming about but also begging. Because the behavior is the free choice of the human beings which stems from the innermost feelings, the begging behavior which this article discusses should remove those behaviors that is abduct and forced.In the second part, the author outlines the historical development and the present situation of begging behaviors in our country. From the initial dependence on begging to survive of oneself to take it as an occupation today, the methods of begging renovates unceasingly, malignant begging poses serious influence on social order, even presents the phenomenon of“the beggar township”in some county of Gansu Province where the entire town sends out to arrive at the city to“pan for gold”. The author analyzes reasons why the begging phenomenon exists from several aspects such as history, society, culture, legal policy, family, and human nature.In the third part, the author introduces the historical evolution of the Western countries how to regulate the begging behaviors. Summarizing the main contents of the Western countries’law which to limit begging behaviors, and introducing the historical evolution of UK and US emphasis how to regulate the beggars as well as begging behaviors.In the fourth part, the author discusses the legal nature of begging behavior. It is difficult to take begging as law right based on the analysis from the definition and structure of right. Begging much more conforms to the characteristics of human freedom, and this kind of freedom is not the one which is not restrained, but is the rational freedom which is restrained from certain social regulations.In the fifth part, the author described the legal localization which balances the freedom of begging and the social order. The realization of freedom cannot leave the social order, but the formation of order relies on certain social rule, this kind of rules manifested in the modern society is the law. The law on the one hand is the safeguard of individual freedom, and on the other hand, it should limit this freedom under the certain conditions. Then, where is the validity the law to limit begging behaviors? How to grasp the degree of limitation? In order to solve the value conflicts between the freedom of individual and the social public order, what regulation patterns should we adopt? This is the core question which this article needs to discuss.Begging is a question which has social roots and the legal effect has its own limitation. When the government using the law to carry on the rules and regulations, it should also to devote in solves the problem from the root. On the one hand, it must develop economic with great strength, establish the perfect social security system vigorously, let all people of this country to share achievements of the reform and the social development; On the other hand, it must strengthen the construction of socialism core value system, eagerly anticipate the social morality with the socialism outlook for honor and dishonor, guide and educate these people who depends on begging seeking money to set up the idea that take the hard work as the honor, take loves leisure and hating work as the shame .更多还原