【作者】 刘俊；

【导师】 吴宝晓；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 十九世纪末二十世纪初,世界上许多西方国家早已进入资本主义时代。而中国正处于社会动荡,国内外矛盾和斗争复杂尖锐的历史时期。中国在鸦片战争失败之后,西方资本主义列强相继来到中国,为实现自己的经济侵略要求签订一系列的不平等条约,中国与各国的官方交往主要就是通过公使来完成的。本文选取晚清驻华公使与美国驻华公使来进行比较研究,希望通过分析比较对研究现在的中美关系和两国之间的交往有所启发,通过对晚清时期的驻美公使的研究,总结一下他们与美国交往所总结的一些经验和教训,希望能够对现在的外交官的一些外交活动也能够提供一些借鉴作用。本文拟以晚清驻美公使的笔记、奏折和官方记录以及翻译的中美往来照会为基础,结合前人研究的成果来进行比较研究,本文大致分从中美两国政府在派遣公使时所处的背景、中美两国公使在所驻国的主要任务和中美两国公使所受文化熏陶三方面去比较。本文共分为四部分:第一部分:中美两国公使派出驻外公使时外交背景的不同。美国政府为了能够使公使进驻中国北京进行了积极的交涉,而晚清政府为了阻止外国公使进京设置了种种的职务,但随着交往的不断增多和在美华工受到的悲惨遭遇使得晚清政府也逐渐的迈出了派遣使臣驻外的重要一步。第二部分:中美两国公使在所驻国任务的不同。美国驻华公使在中国,秉承美国政府的对华政策,争取有利于美国的最大利益,其中主要的就是争取商业利益。而晚清驻美公使在美国主要任务就是保护华人、华侨,为华工争取权益。第三部分:中美两国公使所受文化熏陶的不同。美国是资本主义国家,其文化也具有资本主义的性质,追求自由、具有功利的色彩,个人主义浓厚,其公使也不可避免受其影响,表现在外交上就是插手弱小国家的事务。中国一直受儒家思想的影响,封建等级观念浓厚,重义轻利,这些思想对使臣的影响巨大,因此对使臣有一定的阻碍作用。第四部分:对晚清驻美公使的评价。晚清是在无例可循的情况下派出的使臣,由于受儒家思想的熏陶,对外来事物接触不多,因此在处理交涉事件时容易妥协。但随着处理外交事件不断增多,通过自身实践,他们逐步学会了运用国际法和外交手段来处理涉外事务,尤其是在保护在美华工方面做出了较大的贡献。更多还原

【Abstract】 The late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the world in many Western countries well into the capitalist era. China is undergoing social upheaval, intense domestic and international conflicts and complex historical period of struggle.After the Opium War in China,Western capitalist powers have come to China,aggression to achieve their own economic demands,a series of unequal treaties signed.Official contacts between China and other countries is mainly done through the minister.This paper selects Late Embassy ministers and minister to the U.S. Embassy and a comparative study.Comparison of the study hope that the current Sino-US relations and exchanges between the two countries have inspired,through the late Qing Dynasty Minister in The United States of study.Summarize some of their contacts with the U.S. experience and lessons learned,hope that some of the diplomats on the current diplomatic activities can also provide some reference.This article tries to based on minister of the notes,memorial and official records and Sino-US exchanges note,combined with the results of previous studies to a comparative study.This article from three aspects to compare:the Chinese and U.S. governments in the context in the time to send Minister、China and the U.S. minister in their respective countries in which the main task、China and the U.S. minister suffered cultural influence.This paper is divided into four parts:PartⅠ: China and the U.S. when the foreign minister sent a diplomatic envoy of different backgrounds.In order to enable the U.S. government minister stationed in Beijing, China has actively carried out negotiations,but the late Qing government set all sorts of positions to prevent foreign minister to Beijing.With the growing number of exchanges and Chinese workers in the United States made by the tragedy of the late Qing government also gradually taken an important step to send envoys abroad.Part II:China and the U.S. envoy in the country in which the different tasks.The U.S. Minister to China in China,adhering to the U.S. government policy toward China,beneficial for the best interests of the United States,one key is to seek commercial interests.But late Minister United States,the main task in the United States is to protect Chinese、overseachinese,fight for the rights of Chinese workers.Part III:Minister suffered two countries with different cultural edification.The United States is a capitalist country,the culture also has the nature of capitalism,pursuit of freedom、 with utilitarian color、strong individualism,and the minister inevitably affected,performance that is meddling in diplomatic affairs of small countries.In China has been under the influence of Confucianism,strong feudal hierarchy,attention to the interests of more than loyalty.These thoughts on the envoys of a great of influence,so to some on the role of envoys has some obstacles.Part IV:Evaluation of the Late Embassy ministers.Late follow in case of no cases of envoys sent by,as influenced by Confucianism,little contact with external things,so easy in handling incidents of compromise negotiations.But with the growing number of foreign affairs events, through their own practice,they gradually learned to use international law and diplomacy to deal with foreign af protection of Chinese workers in the United States made a greater contribution.更多还原