【作者】 孟岩；

【导师】 高建恩；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业水土工程， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 调控降雨径流是解决黄土高原干旱与水土流失并存的重要方法。在调控降雨径流过程中,如何充分利用降雨资源提高作物产量、减少水土流失,一直是黄土高原地区急需解决的难题,也是目前水土资源高效利用研究领域的热点问题。在分析现有坡地径流规律和已有降雨径流利用模式的基础上,以野外定位监测试验为手段,通过在坡面上布设各种径流调控措施和降雨径流收集补灌苹果的水肥耦合试验,分析了降雨径流不同调控模式对坡面侵蚀、玉米产量的影响,优化集雨补灌苹果利用模式的配置指标。得到如下初步研究结论:(1)新型BGA土壤调理剂的调控效果研究结果表明:在降雨量为45.4 mm,降雨历时540 min,平均降雨强度为0.084 mm/min条件下,秸秆覆盖和施加保水剂PAM调控措施没有发生产流现象,其他三种调控措施的径流量从小到大依次为:等高垄作种植、施加BGA土壤调理剂、常规种植。说明秸秆覆盖和施加保水剂PAM具有较高的增渗减流效果,施加BGA土壤调理剂调控效果不明显。(2)甘肃西峰果园研究结果表明,适宜于黄土高塬沟壑区的集雨补灌苹果利用模式控制指标可初步确定为:不同降水保证率年份收集全部径流所需修建集流面面积为360～570 m2/hm2,配置水窖容积为105～110 m3/hm2,补灌灌水定额55～60 m3/hm2,补灌时间萌芽期和果实膨大期;施肥纯量基准0.2～0.3kg/株,肥料配比N∶P∶K为1∶2∶2。同时该模式当年产投比达到1.41,且能有效的减少地表径流量,防止水土流失。在黄土高塬沟壑区的缓坡塬面,年均降雨量450～530 mm,年平均气温7.5～13.5℃,平均海拔1500 m的高塬沟壑区果园可以参考该模式进行集水补灌。(3)根据在延安方塔和安塞地区研究,适宜于黄土丘陵沟壑区水平梯田的集雨补灌苹果利用模式的控制指标可初步确定为:不同降雨保证率径流全部收集需修建集流面面积为270～430 m2/hm2,配置水窖容积为95~100 m3/hm2,补灌灌水定额50～55 m3/hm2,灌水时间为萌芽期和果实膨大期,施肥纯量基准0.5～0.7 kg/株,肥料配比N∶P∶K为1∶1∶2。在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的坡地梯田,年均降雨量500～580 mm,年平均气温8.5～13℃,平均海拔1200 m的丘陵沟壑区可以参考此模式进行集水补灌。更多还原

【Abstract】 Rainfall runoff regulation is an important way to solve the problem of drought and soil erosion in the Loess Plateau. It has always been a problem that how to make full use of rainfall resources to increase crop yield, and also nowadays, it is a hot issue in the research field of the efficient utilization of water and soil resources in the loess plateau area. On the basis of analyzing the rule of runoff on the existing slope and the utilization models of rainfall runoff, by means of located field observation experiment, and through layouting various kinds of water and fertilizer coupling experiments concerning runoff regulation measures and rainfall runoff collecting supplementary irrigation for apple on the slope surface, the effect of different rainfall runoff regulation models on slope erosion, maize growth has been analyzed and the placement indices of the utilization models of supplementary irrigation with catchment rainfall for apple has been optimized. Preliminary test results are as follows:(1)The result of new soil conditioner BGA in runoff regulation shows that,Under the conditions of individual rainfall as 45.4 mm, rainfall duration as 540 min, and average rainfall intensity as 0.084 mm/min, there is no runoff yield with straw mulching and the application of water retaining agent, while three other regulation measures have the runoff coefficient in the order from small to big: equal height ridge culture planting, the application of BGA soil conditioner, general planting. Straw muching and application of water retaining agent play a great role in increasing permeation and reducing runoff, while application of BGA soil conditioner does not.(2)The result of orchard in GanSu XiFeng shows that, the index parameters of utilization model of supplementary irrigation with catchment rainfall for apple suitable to loess plateau gully region can be determined preliminarily: during the years of different rainfall guarantee rate, to collect all the runoff, the required area of runoff-collecting surface is 360～570 m2/hm2, and allocated water cellar volume is 105～110 m3/hm2, supplementary irrigation quota is 55～60 m3/hm2, supplementary irrigation time is during the germination stage and the fruit expanding process, net fertilization application reference is 0.2～0.3 kg/plant, fertilizer ratio is 1:2:2, and at the same time the ratio of output to input of this model is 1.41, and also the surface runoff can be effectively decreased and further the erosion can be prevented. In the high tableland gully region of Loess Plateau,as for the tableland surface, the average annual rainfall range is 450～530 mm, the annual mean temperature is 7.5～13.5℃, as for the orchards catchment irrigation in the high tableland gully region of the loess area of high altitude with mean altitude 1500 m the high tableland model can be the reference.(3)According to the research carried out in the high slope area in Yan An and An Sai,the index parameters of utilization model of supplementary irrigation with catchment rainfall for apple suitable to loess hilly region can be determined preliminarily: during the years of different rainfall guarantee rate, to collect all the runoff, the required area of runoff-collecting surface is 270～430 m2/hm2, and allocated water cellar volume is 95～100 m3/hm2, supplementary irrigation quota is 50～55 m3/hm2, supplementary irrigation time is during the germination stage and the fruit expanding process, net fertilization application reference is 0.5～0.7 kg/plant, fertilizer ratio is 1:1:2.In the hilly and gully region of Loess Plateau, as for the slope terrace, the average annual rainfall range is 500～580 mm,when the annual mean temperature range is 8.5～13℃, this model is adopted.更多还原