【作者】 冯旭；

【导师】 马耀光；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业水土工程， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 渭河流域从古至今对陕西的发展起着举足轻重的作用。渭河不仅具有供水、灌溉、泄洪等功能,而且具有纳污、补充地下水、湿地生态维系等作用。然而,在渭河流域经济社会发展的同时,流域内日益严重的水资源短缺、水质污染以及渭河中下游三门峡库区泥沙淤积带来的水环境日益恶化等问题,已影响到两岸人民的生活,同时也制约着经济社会的发展。渭河流域是黄河最大的支流,集中了陕西省60%的人口,53%的耕地,70%的灌溉面积,68%的粮食产量,81%的工业总产值,87%的国内生产总值,GDP占全省75%。渭河是关中地区唯一的废污水承纳和排泄通道,流域80%以上的工业废水和生活污水通过渭河排泄。由于水污染治理设施建设严重滞后,大量未有效处理的工业废水和城市污水直接排入河道,渭河干流宝鸡峡以下河段全部为V类或超V类水质,基本丧失了水的使用功能。论文以渭河陕西段为研究对象,通过对水质监测、分析与评价,研究其水质降解变化规律,计算渭河水环境削减容量,将为陕西关中地区的水质改善,水资源优化管理提供科学依据。本文在对渭河水环境问题调研的基础上,根据渭河关中段的社会经济情况,依据行政区划将该段河流分为宝鸡、兴平、咸阳、西安、临潼、渭南、华县和华阴等几个河段,进行水污染源调查、水质指标(化学需氧量、六价铬、总磷、氨氮、硬度等)监测;通过对研究区同一时间不同监测断面和不同时间同一监测断面的有机及无机指标监测数据,采用模糊评价法和物元分析评价法两种综合指标评价方法,分析得出研究区的水质污染比较严重,被评为Ⅴ类水的监测断面占到总断面的70%;在计算过程中,找到了可能导致模糊评价法和物元分析评价法结论不一致的原因,为两种方法的协调使用提供了科学依据;本论文按照一维稳态数学模型的条件,选择四个代表河段对研究区的污染物降解指数进行分析,计算出虢镇城南排污口、蔡家坡总排污口、兴平总排污口和咸阳二号桥排污口以下河段的六价铬、高锰酸盐指数、总磷和氨氮四个水质指标的降解指数;根据监测的研究区断面数据,参照渭河的径流特征,计算了研究区段的水环境容量、排污量和消减量,得出研究区段大多数已经没有剩余的水环境容量,而排放量却很大,为进一步研究该区域的废污水处理系统建设和水环境保护规划提供参考;最后从调查和文献资料研究认为研究区存在生活污水排放量大、工业企业的废水处理工艺水平低、河川径流减少、泥沙含量增加等水环境问题,并提出加快建设污水处理厂、推行清洁生产、推广城镇污水资源化利用等措施。更多还原

【Abstract】 From the past to the present, Wei River Basin plays an important role in Shaanxi’s development. Wei River not only has the functions of water supplying, irrigation, flood discharging; but also has the functions of waste discharging, supplementing groundwater and keeping balance of ecosystem in wetland. However, while economic and social developing in Wei River Basin, the problems such as the deterioration of water environment which is caused by growing water shortage, water pollution and sedimentation in Sanmenxia reservoir has affected the lives of people on both sides, as well as restricted the economic and social development.Wei River is the largest branch of the Yellow River, which concentrates 60% of the population in Shaanxi province, 53% of the arable land, 70% of the irrigated area, 68% of food production, 81% of gross industrial output value, 87% of gross domestic product, and 75% of GDP in the province. Wei River is the only channel which can hold and discharge wasted and polluted water in Guanzhong area, though which more than 80% of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage are discharged. As the water pollution controlling facilities has seriously lagged behind, a large number of ineffectively treated industrial wastewater and urban sewage had directly discharged into rivers. The water quality of the lower reaches of Wei Main Stream after Baojixia reaches to Grade V even super-V, generally losing the function of being used.This paper takes Shaanxi section of Wei River as the object of research, study the variation of water quality degradation as well as calculate the reduced capacity of water environment through the water quality monitoring, analysis and evaluation, which will make improvement of water quality in Guanzhong area and provide scientific basis of optimized water resources management.On the basis of the investigation of the water environmental problems in Wei River, we divided it into several sections such as Baoji, Xingping, Xianyang, Xi’an, Lintong, Weinan, Huaxian and Huayin according to socio-economic situation and administrative divisions, to investigate water pollution sources and monitor water quality indexes (chemical oxygen demand, hexavalent chromium, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, hardness, etc.) Through the study of organic and inorganic indexes of monitoring data under different conditions such as at the same time by different monitoring sections and at different times the same monitoring sections, using Fuzzy Evaluation method and Matter Element Analysis Method, we conclude that the pollution of water is serious in this research area, and the sections of which their grades are reaching to V account for 70% of the total sections. In the calculation process, the reason that may cause inconsistent between Fuzzy Evaluation Method and Matter Element Analysis Method is founded, providing a scientific basis for the coordinated use of both methods. According to the condition of one-dimensional steady-state mathematical model, four representative sections were selected to analyze the degradation indexes in the study area, calculating four water quality indexes of water degradation such as hexavalent chromium, permanganate index, total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen, in the following sections after the sewage outfalls of South Guozhen, Caijiapo, Xingping and Xianyang II Bridge. According to the monitoring data in the sections of research area and referring to the runoff characteristics of the Weihe River, capacity of the water environment, the quantity of pollutant discharge and the reduced amount were calculated out, which can make a conclusion that there is not additional available water environmental capacity in most of the research area, and emissions are very large, providing reference for the further study of the region’s waste water treatment system construction and environment protection plans.At last, according to the investigation and references of the study area we consider that there exists environmental problems such as large amount of sewage discharging, low level of wastewater treatment process in industries, runoff reducing and sediment increasing, and put forward measures such as speeding up construction of sewage treatment factories, carrying out cleaner production and promoting the utilization of urban sewage and etc.更多还原