【作者】 田忠新；

【导师】 任晋军；

【作者基本信息】 太原理工大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 随着跳远运动世界纪录的突破及整体水平的不断提高,人们越来越认识到起跳动作是跳远技术的主要环节,并且,这一结论已被大量的理论及运动实践所证实。而起跳技术是由起跳腿的缓冲与蹬伸,并配合摆动动作的有效摆动来完成的。通过查阅有关的文献资料并进行整理分析后发现,目前,国内外关于跳远起跳动作的研究大多集中于起跳腿在起跳阶段的效应及其对运动成绩的影响方面,而对于摆动动作,尤其是髋关节在起跳过程中的作用,研究的较少,也未引起人们的足够重视。事实上,摆动动作对起跳腿的运动起着很重要的协调和配合作用。正如前苏联著名生物力学专家丘帕曾经在大量的实践研究的基础上指出:跳远起跳腿在蹬伸用力过程中总用力值的60-70%来自于摆动环节,而且,摆动速度越大,相应的起跳力量也越大,起跳效果也越好。现代跳远运动追求快速助跑、积极起跳的技术风格。当前,优秀男子跳远运动员在助跑最后十米的速度已经达到10.65-11.25m/s,在如此高速助跑的情况下,如果想将跳远项目的成绩水平推向一个新的阶段,进一步提高运动成绩,并向人类极限发起挑战,那么,起跳瞬间的蹬摆技术高度统一、协调用力就成为了整个起跳动作的关键,因此,研究起跳过程中的摆动动作技术的运动学特征,并将这些技术细节问题归纳、总结,形成完整的、具有理论指导意义的研究成果,从中找出一些具有规律性的东西,使跳远技术项目更加系统和完善,使训练更加具有科学性和针对性,从而有效提高训练质量,为取得更为优异的成绩创造条件。本研究选取参加2009年10月22日在山东济南举行的全国第十一届运动会前八名男子跳远运动员作为研究对象,采用文献资料法、影像拍摄法、图像解析法及数据统计法等科研手段,从运动学角度解析分析摆动动作在起跳过程中的作用,结果表明:1.摆动技术的摆臂、髋关节动作及摆腿的动作贯穿于起跳动作的全过程,并对运动的成绩及完善起跳动作起着决定性的作用。2.我国优秀男子跳远运动在起跳阶段的摆动速度达到平均在868s。直接影响着起跳垂直速度、腾起初速度及运动成绩。3.缓冲阶段水平速度对摆动腿速度影响较小。4.摆动腿侧髋关节的前送及制动能联动产生惯性力,有助提高起跳效果。5.研究表明:我国优秀男子跳远运动是起跳腿着板角均大于世界优秀选手,身体的向前性较好。6.研究表明:我国优秀男子跳远运动员在着板瞬间的两大腿夹角偏大,不能很好的发挥摆动腿在起跳过程中的作用,影响整个起跳的动作幅度。在离板时两大腿夹角又偏小,导致起跳的动作幅度较低。7.我国优秀男子跳远运动员在起跳过程中摆动腿的摆动角度,从起跳开始经历了增加-----最大----减小,其特征符合运动生物力学的有关原理。8.髋关节的训练尤其是屈髋肌群的训练不被重视,屈髋肌群力量较弱。9.研究表明:着板瞬间的摆动腿速度对着板角及缓冲阶的身体重心高度增加值、重心速度增加值都有直接的影响。10.双臂的摆动对维持身体平衡及增加摆动腿摆动速度都有重要的意义。11.摆臂动作只有和蹬地动作相配合才能发挥对起跳的作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the breakthrough and the overall level continuous improvement of the long jump world record, people are growing to aware the main link of the take-off action in Long Jump off. And this conclusion has been confirmed by a lot of theory and practice sports. The take-off technology is accomplished by the take-off leg of the buffer and kicking with the effective swinging of the swing action.By the consulting and analysis of the literature, it is found that the long jump takeoff research mostly concentrated on the take-off leg in jumping phase of the effects and the impact on sports performance in domestic and international As for the swinging, particularly the hipping in Takeoff is not aroused enough attentionIn fact, the swinging movement of the take-off leg plays an important role in the coordination and cooperation. As the former Soviet Union, leading biomechanics expert chupa had pointed out a lot of practice that: The long jump take-off leg in the process of kicking force 60-70% of the total value of the force from the swing link, and, the greater the swing speed, the greater the corresponding take-off power, the better off effect.The modern long jump player is approach the fast aim and the technical style of the positive take-off. Currently, Long Jumpers in the run-up speed has reached10.65-11.25m / s in the final 10 meters length, the high-speed run-up in such a situation, if you want the level of achievement in the long jump a new stage to further improve athletic performance and challenge the human limit, it is the key that the unit of the instant put off technology and coordinated force.Therefore, the study on kinematics characteristics of the takeoff in process of swinging summarize these technical details to have a complete theoretical significance of the research results, This study selects the participator in October 22, 2009, held in Jinan, Shandong China top eight men’s long jump eleventh Games athletes as research subjectsUsing literature data and mage capture, image analysis method and the statistical methods and other research methods, the analytical analysis results show that:1. The swing Arm technology, hip movement and leg swing movements is throughout the whole process of takeoff. As the decisive role, they will improve takeoff performance.2. The elite Men’s long jumper take-off stage in the average is swing speed of 868s. it affects the vertical take-off speed, speed and the initial athletic performance.3. The horizontal speed in buffer stage has small impact on the leg speed.4. The tip swing leg-side delivery and brake before the inertial force generated will help improve the take-off effects5. the Elite Men Long Jumper is a board off leg angle greater than the world’s best player, with better forward of the body6. the Long Jumpers moment in the plate angle between the two legs is too large, they can not play well during the swing leg in the role of take-off and affect the take-off range of motion. In the angle between the thighs from the boards have two smaller, resulting in lower take-off range of motion.7. the Elite men’s Long Jumper in the Takeoff Leg angle experience the greatest increase ---- decrease, and its features are compatible with the principles of biomechanics.8. the hip flexor muscle training, especially training of not being taken seriously, yields the strength of weak hip muscles.9. the board instantaneous speed of the swing leg in front plate angle and height of the buffer stage increase the value of the physical center of gravity, the center of gravity velocity , leading in a direct impact on the added value.10. Arms swing the body is important to maintain balance and increase swing speed of swing leg11. Arm swing action is matched with the stomp off action, and then they two can perform well in takeoff process.更多还原