【作者】 曹林林；

【导师】 汤开建；

【作者基本信息】 暨南大学 ， 中国古代史， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 在十九世纪下半叶的晚清中国,传教士随着西方列强的尖船利炮来到中国,凭着狂热的宗教热情传播洋教,希望归化这一东方古国。不可否认,传教士的存在,一定程度上传播了西方先进文明；但另一方面,也打破了中国传统的社会秩序和伦理观念,因此引发教务教案不断。而山东是地处孔孟之地,反教势头尤为强烈,尤其到后期的义和团运动,给教会势力及西方列强以沉重打击。教民借助教会势力,欺压平民,平民反教,教会恐慌；教会的存在,对封建士绅的权力地位提出挑战,士绅恨教,率民反教；教会借助列强势力,贬斥官吏,官员护教,抑民反教。官绅民教之间出现“民怕官、官怕教,教怕民”的奇特制衡现象。因此,本文重点对十九世纪下半叶的山东教务教案进行梳理,在展现山东教案整体概貌、原因、冲突形态、特点、重点教案的同时,集中将目光与论点投射在官绅民教四者关系及其互动上。客观记录教案的交涉过程和最终处理结果,此亦是中国在那个特定历史时期,中国对外政治、经济、军事力量等方面的侧面反映。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the second half of the nineteenth century, China Late Qing Dynasty, the Western powers occupied the land of China, using their aggressive imperialist forces. Meanwhile, the missionaries engaged in the activities of a mission with the fanatical enthusiasm of religious, hoping this ancient oriental country been naturalized. There is no denying that the existence of the missionaries, to some extent, prevalence the developed Western civilization; but on the other hand, they also broke the traditional Chinese social order and ethical concepts, therefore, leaded incessant missionary affairs and cases.Shandong is located in the land of Confucius and Mencius, so that the momentum of the anti-religious is particularly fiercely. Especially, in the latter part of the Boxer Rebellion, the movement deeply struck the church powers as well as the Western powers. Taking advantage of the force of church, Christians bullied and oppressed Chinese civilians, then the civilians opposed to the influence of the church, which brought a great panic to the ecclesia; the existence of the Church posed a challenge to the power of the feudal gentry, whom hated the Church and leaded the civilians to oppose the Church; Church, backed the aggressive imperialist forces of Western powers, demoted officials, making the officials protect Church and suppress the civilians’opposite action.There was a strange phenomenon of checks and balances called "civilians fear officials; officials fear Church force; Church force fears civilians" among officials, gentries, civilians, and the forces of Church.Therefore, the focus of the paper is to comb missionary affairs and cases in the latter half of the nineteenth century, to reveal the integral appearance, the reasons, the pattern of conflicts, the characteristics and importance of the Shandong affairs, in the meantime, the paper focus on the relationship and their interaction between officials,gentries,civilians,and the forces of Church, and record the progress of the missionary cases objectively and the eventually results. This is also indirectly reflecting Chinese political, economic, and military force in the historical period. in four relations and their interaction. Lesson plans and objective record of the negotiations process and the results of the final,also in China at that particular historical period, China’s political,economic, military and so on reflect.更多还原