【作者】 高雪娇；

【导师】 四兵锋； 高亮；

【作者基本信息】 北京交通大学 ， 系统分析与集成， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 我国公路建设及公路交通的迅速发展,为人类社会的发展提供了巨大的推动力,同时,也给生态环境带来了许多问题。例如,环境污染、生物数量的减少等。因此,正确理解和全面分析道路对生态环境的影响,尤其是对生态系统的影响,从而最大限度地减少其对生态所产生的负面作用,对于保护生物多样性、维护生态系统的稳定具有重要的理论意义。本文将生态系统抽象为具有空间扩散性质的动力系统,从全局出发,运用系统动力学方法,从理论上研究了道路干扰下的生态系统的空间特性。本文的主要工作如下：1.本文建立了二物种(predator-prey)空间动力系统,并对道路干扰下的二物种生态系统空间特性进行了稳定性分析和数值模拟。模拟结果表明：在相同的道路密度情况下,车流量越大,系统达到稳态的时间越长；在道路上车流量相同的情况下,道路密度越大,系统达到稳态的时间越长。2.在考虑距离与车流量影响的情况下,改进原有模型,并从两方面对其进行了数值模拟分析,分别是：(1)分析了距离与车流量对二物种生态系统种群分布的影响；(2)在生态系统遭到破坏后(比如发生火灾),比较了有道路和无道路情况下生态系统的恢复能力。模拟结果显示：生态系统达到稳态时,距离道路越近,对种群分布的影响越大；道路上车流量的增加会扩大道路系统对生态系统影响的范围；道路系统的存在使得生态系统的鲁棒性下降,即生态系统的自我恢复能力下降。3.在三物种动力系统中,引入石头—剪子—布(Rock-Paper-Scissors)博弈理论,通过石头—剪子—布(Rock-Paper-Scissors)模型的动力学演化机制来模拟道路干扰下的生态系统空间特性。通过模拟和统计发现：道路的干扰使生态系统中最大连通群落的数量减少；随着道路数量的增加,最大连通群落的数量逐渐减少。因此,道路系统的存在影响了生态系统的种群分布,使生态系统中动物的群居能力下降,甚至导致种群灭绝。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the rapid development of the highway, it has brought a lot of environmental problems at the same time. Road and road traffic have brought enormous benefits to human society, but the impacts of their on ecosystem are increasing. So, it is very important to understand correctly and analyze the ecological impacts. In this paper the ecosystem is abstracted as a dynamical system. We study the spatial characteristics of ecosystem under the influence of the road in theory. The main contents of this paper are as follows:1. Based the dual dynamical systems theory, we apply the dynamical system with spatial diffusion to describe the two species ecosystem, which can research the ecosystem under the influence of the road from the global level. By analysis of the stability and numerical simulation, the two species spatial characteristics of ecosystem are studied under the influence of the road. Simulation results show that:road density and traffic flow (roads diffusion coefficient) affect the system time of being stable. Under the same density of the road, the larger is traffic flow (diffusion coefficient of the road), the less is the system time of being stable; in the same traffic flow (roads diffusion coefficient), the greater is the road density, the longer is the time to achieve stability of the system.2. Considering the impact of distance and traffic flow, we improve the dynamical system of two species, we do the numerical simulation from two aspects of the ecosystem, namely:(1) analyzing the influence of their population distribution under the influence of the road in the two species ecosystems; (2) After the destruction of the ecosystem (eg fire), compareing resilience under road and no road situations in ecosystem. The simulation results show that:when the ecosystem achieves the steady condition, the smaller is the distance from the road, the greater impact on population distribution; as the distance increases, the effect become smaller; at a certain range the increasing of traffic flow will expand the effect range of ecosystem; the existence of road system makes robustness of ecosystem decline, in other words self-recovery of the ecosystem goes down.3. In the dynamical system of three species, we introduce the rock-paper-scissors game theory and simulate spatial characteristics of ecosystem under the road influence by rock-paper-scissors dynamics evolution. By the simulation and statistical discovery:the influence of the road makes the number of connected communities of the largest species reduce in the system; as the increasing number of roads, the number of connected of the largest species is gradually reduced. Therefore, the existence of the road system influences the population distribution of ecosystems, and makes the ability living in groups of animals decreased in the ecosystem.更多还原