【作者】 邱俊永；

【导师】 钟定胜；

【作者基本信息】 江苏大学 ， 环境科学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 近来,随着我国经济的快速发展,水污染问题日益严峻,尤其是水质型缺水问题已成为众多区域经济社会可持续发展的瓶颈。因此,如何做好水环境管理工作显得尤为重要。而水环境容量作为水环境管理的基石,对一区域水污染物总量控制有着至关重要的意义。在容量总量控制过程中,水污染物排放指标的分配是不可缺少而又至关重要的一个环节,它不仅是污染物总量控制的核心,也是实施总量控制工作的起点。因此,如何科学合理的分配污染物排放指标是实施水环境管理的关键。然而在当前,水环境容量作为一种环境资源日益彰显稀缺,如何合理分配其使用权既是一个十分重要的技术难题,又是下一步环境保护工作的重点和难点。从目前国内外水污染物总量分配技术现状来看,该技术尚存在多种问题,进而影响到水污染物总量控制的整体进程。因此,本文设想以排污指标分配公平性最大化为基础,将公平与效率结合起来,建立一个可行易操作的水污染物总量分配方案。在对现有各种水环境容量分配模型进行剖析的基础上,分析了现有水污染物排放指标分配方案的特点及其限制条件和因素,明确了本论文的研究目的在于构建一套新型的、兼顾公平和效率,能被各省区普遍接受,并且易操作,便于实施的总量分配方法。具体方法是：将经济学领域中的基尼系数引用到水污染物排放指标分配当中来,在综合考虑一区域自然和社会经济要素的基础上,选取具有代表性的人口、GDP、土地面积、环境容量四个环境基尼系数指标,构建流域内各控制单元污染物现状排放量与该四项指标的洛伦兹曲线,求得基于公平性的各环境基尼系数。而后建立一个以各指标环境基尼系数之和最小为目标函数、多约束条件的优化模型,对其进行优化调整,从而得到兼顾公平和效益的水污染物总量分配方案,初步实现了水污染物总量指标分配的公平性与合理性,最后将该分配方法应用于黄河中上游流域水污染总量分配中。总之,本课题针对目前一些污染物排放指标分配方法难以兼顾公平和效益的情况下,在现有水污染物总量分配方法的基础上,为水污染物总量分配模型的建立提供了一条新的思路,并在该思路基础上,通过选取适当分配指标,设计相应技术方案,建立了一套以公平性最大化为基础同时兼顾效益的排污指标分配模型,使得最终确定的分配方案在满足公平性的前提下更符合各区域的实际情况,从而提高了规划分配方案在实施中的可操作性,为黄河中上游流域水污染物总量控制提供了科学依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Recently, with the rapid economic development in China, the problems on water pollution become more and more serious, especially quality-induced water shortage has become a bottleneck of socio-economic sustainable development in many regions. So how to improve water environment management is especially important. Water environment capacity as the cornerstone of water environment management has the fundamental importance to total waste-load control in a region. In the process of water environment protection, total water waste-load allocation is an essential and indispensable part in water environment management, it is not only the core of total waste-load control, but the starting point in implementing total load control. Therefore, how to distribute total water waste-load scientifically and reasonably is the key to implementing water environment management. However, nowadays, water environment capacity as a kind of environmental resources becomes more and more scarce. How to distribute total water waste-load reasonably is not only a very important technical problem, but also is the important and difficult work on environmental protection in the next step. From the current technology of water waste-load allocation in domestic and foreign, this technology still exists a variety of problems, it affects the whole process of total water waste-load control. Therefore, this paper set up a viable scheme on water waste-load allocation, based on maximize fairness on water load allocation, combining equity and efficiency.This paper was based on the analysis of a variety of the model of water load allocation, analyzed of the characteristics and constraint factors in current method of water pollutant load allocation, defined the purpose of this research was to construct a new method of total load allocation, giving consideration to equity and efficiency, and being easy to implement. The specific method was as follows:this paper introduced Gini coefficient used in economy field to water waste load allocation. A equitable and rational system of environmental Gini coefficient indexes was constructed by analyzing the natural and socio-economic factors of each region synthetically, which consisted of typical indexes of population, GDP, land area and environmental capacity. Then the status quo of pollutant emissions in each region and the Lorenz curves based on four indexes have been drawn and calculated respectively. In an attempt to minimize the difference in equity among various regions, a single-objective optimization model combining with constraint method was established, which took the minimization of summation of four environmental Gini coefficients as the objective function. After optimizing and adjusting, we obtained the solution to water waste load allocation taking fairness and benefit into account. Finally, this total load allocation method was used in water waste load allocation in the upper and middle Yellow River basin.In a word, in an attempt to solve the difficulty of taking equity into account for current methods on water waste-load allocation, we provided a new method on water waste-load allocation, and proposed a model on water waste-load allocation based on maximize fairness and taking benefit into account by selecting the appropriate Indexes based on this idea, the final scheme of distribution well conforms to the actual situation of each region in the premise of meeting equity, so it improves the operation of allocation scheme in implementation, and provided a scientific basis on water waste-load allocation in the upper and middle Yellow River basin.更多还原